Thursday, December 26, 2019

Economics Defined Essay - 619 Words

It seems as though no one has ever succeeded in neatly defining the scope of economics. Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines economics as a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services (merriam-webster.com, 2015). Roger Arnold, states in his book â€Å"Economics,† writes â€Å"Economics is about the choices people and societies have to make. He further states more succinctly, that economics is the science of scarcity. More completely, economics is the science of how individuals and societies deal with the fact that wants are greater than the limited resources available to satisfy those wants (Arnold, 2012).† The economist Alfred Marshall, used to say that†¦show more content†¦Among other things, they seek to analyze the forces determining prices—not only the prices of goods and services, but the prices of the resources used to produce them. This means discovering what the specific thing is that governs the way in which men, machines, and land are combined in production and that determines how buyers and sellers are brought together in a functioning market (Wikipedia, 2015). Prices of various things must be interrelated; how does such a â€Å"price system† or â€Å"market mechanism† hang together, and what are the conditions necessary for its survival? These are questions in what is called â€Å"microeconomics,† the part of economics that deals with the behavior of such individuals as consumers, business firms, traders, and farmers. The other major branch of economics is â€Å"macroeconomics,† in which the focus of attention is on aggregates. In macroeconomics, the attention is focused on the level of income in the whole economy, the volume of total employment, the flow of total investment, and so forth. Here the economist is concerned with the forces determining the income of a nation or the level of total investment. The economist seeks to learn why full employment is so rarely attained and what public policies should be followed to achieve higher employment or more stability. However, these still do not exhaust the range of problemsShow MoreRelatedEconomic Development For A Defined Area908 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic development for a defined area has three primary goals—foster employment opportunities for the area’s current residents, diversify the area’s economic and employment base, and stabilize the local economy (Blakely Leigh, 2013). By providing quality jobs for an area’s residents, versus the more costly alternative of bringing new firms to the area (which could also require a different skill set in their labor force than what the city currently has--rendering the city’s effort somewhat fruitless)Read MoreEconomic Integration Is Defined As An Economic Adjustment1650 Words   |  7 Pages Economic integration is defined as an economic disposition between different divisions that are associated together through the synchronisation of fiscal and monetary policies as well as the reduction or elimination of barri ers to entry for trading. The sole aims of economic integration are to succour both consumers and producers, by minimising costs, and also to maximise trade between the countries which are involved. In total, there are 8 stages in the economic integration operation, startingRead MoreFeminism Is Defined As The Theory Of Political, Economic,1011 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is defined as the theory of political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. (Definition of Feminism) and also as the organized activity on behalf of women s rights and interests. (Definition of Feminism). If one would look in-depth into Feminism they would see that there are three waves of Feminism. Now not all types or waves of feminism is wrong, but third wave, or the most recent, should not be supported, because they often tell myths that are just not true or usually use aRead MoreTourism Is Defined As A Social, Cultural And Economic Phenomenon1688 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 2 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Tourism is defined as a social, cultural and economic phenomenon, which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal, business, and leisure or professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which are tourists, excursionists, residents, and nonresidents) and tourism has to do with their activities some of which implies their expenditure. Tourism is concerned with relationships arising from the travel andRead MoreIn Class, We Defined Class Identity As The Socio-Economic,1739 Words   |  7 PagesIn class, we defined class identity as the socio-economic, political grouping of people who occupy similar positions based on a type of work/job vs. profession, income wealth, ownership, authority, status, education, skills, and values. We also defined classism as the systemic oppression that categorizes and ranks people into dominant or subordinate groups based on economic status, family lineage, type of job and level of educati on. Classism tends to provide advantages for the dominant group whichRead MoreSustainable Consumption And Production Is Defined By The United Nations Department Of Economic And Social Affairs2480 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Sustainable consumption and production is defined by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2014) as the use of services and related products, which respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life while minimising the use of natural resources as well as the emissions of waste and pollutants so as not to jeopardise the needs of further generations. Over the last 25 years many policies, strategies and programmes that support the food and agricultural sectorRead MoreComparative Study on Consumption Patterns of Soft Drinks and Fruit Juices846 Words   |  4 PagesTrends in Consumption Patterns This article is designed to: 1. define economics, 2. define microeconomics, 3. define law of supply, 4. define the law of demand, and 5. to identify the factors that lead to a change in supply and a change in demand. Economics is defined as: The social science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services and with the theory and management of economies or economic systems (www.answers .com accessed 02Oct07). Basically I believe thatRead MoreMarket Structure and Analysis 996 Words   |  4 Pagesmarket† is defined as â€Å"a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker† (Pg. 290). In this market structure there are two characteristics: there are many buyers and many sellers in the market and the goods offered by the various sellers are largely the same. Maximizing profits in a competitive market is the difference between total revenue and total cost. There is a distinction between accounting and economic profits: economic profits equals’Read MoreThe Key Concepts in Economics851 Words   |  4 PagesConcepts in Economics Markisha Dill William Creamer Principle Of Economics May 31, 2015 Before sitting down to complete this assignment, I thought thoroughly about economics as a whole. My interest was whether economics was considered an exact since, i.e. Mathematics. Economics has been described as a science, numerous times. So in my search to find out whether economics was a science, I looked at an online dictionary to see how these words were defined. First I looked at economics. The definitionRead MoreRelationship Between Economic Growth And Happiness1466 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen once said, â€Å"A large income is the best recipe for happiness I ever heard of† (1894). Even nowadays, it is still generally believed that happiness is related to economic growth and prosperity, although this manner of thinking was attacked by the economist Robert Skidelsky in 2012, quoting a famous paper â€Å"Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot?† published earlier by another economist, Richard Easterlin (1974), to support his stance. Skidelsky stated tha t although there was a continuous

Wednesday, December 25, 2019

The New Angle On Essay Samples for Law School Just Released

The New Angle On Essay Samples for Law School Just Released The Hidden Truth About Essay Samples for Law School If you're going over the essay several times attempting to correct the errors, odds are that you're still leaving similar mistakes. Therefore, if you're thinking of a gap year, do it! A gap year is the perfect chance to get full-time work experience, to travel or to finish a fellowship. It is the perfect time to unwind from the four years of pressure you just experienced, before entering another three years of even more intense pressure. So it isn't very simple to acquire a high mark. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you find yourself getting a great grade. What's important is the school total ranking. One of the easy schools would be constructed on the west side of town. There are lots of service businesses, which deliver writing help. Second, real-world experience is frequently the make-or-break element for job applicants. Apparently, nobody can predict the upcoming job industry. You can receive the very best writing help if you're prepared to shell out time to decide on the ideal service provider. You must work really difficult to survive in the law school. Skills for Attorney Resumes As a lawyer, you must interact with quite a few individuals. Unless you are able to tell yourself that you really need to be an attorney and know it to be true, I don't think law school is a superb idea. Law isn't an easy subject. Years of experience A lawyer is often valued by the range of years of experience they have in a given region of law. When writing he resume, you need to incorporate the major job specific skills in your application to make a positive impact on the prospective employer. To begin with, be absolutely sure that you know what being an attorney is like. Turning into a lawyer means you've got to develop into good at a really specialized type of writing. The Essay Samples for Law School Trap Various schools have different requirements and preferences, so it is necessary to understand what the law school of your choice is searching for. A high number of lower-ranked schools particularly have had major difficulty attracting the type of students they used to have. Always go for accredited schools and it's far better to earn a list of law schools where you wish to acquire admission. Distinct schools will provide different choices for practicum courses. As you make an application for admission, your objective isn't just to present a well-written essay except to select the chance to share info about yourself, which aren't reflected through your grades and LSAT score. It has observed several times that the very first step towards essay becomes a massive job for those beginners. If you are worried about school or college essay submission, see some on-line websites and see for the best yet very affordable providers and receive the best essays written on any topics and score best. With it's the chance to our essay contest. When you want help with the essay, there are available writing services which you always have the option to hire so that you can receive a well-written paper. Customized law essay best part is the simple fact that they'll be delighted to-use comprehension and custom law essay expertise to make certain your educational. Law essay writing service organizations are rampant on the web. You can purchase an essay and right away you will receive your work done, carefully and accurately. Getting into college in the present age won't just require you to file your transcripts and certificates. Any author ought to be well ready to answer these questions. Want to Know More About Essay Samples for Law School? The primary purpose of technical writing is to present the hardcore technical info to the non technical folks in a manner that it isn't hard to understand and follow. The issue is that it is tough to find evidence for the presence of mind-independent ethical obligations. The very first portion of making this kind of argument is usually establishing that we have a tendency to care about and sympathize with different humans. To put it differently, an ethical argument tries to demonstrate that a particular issue is either morally right or wrong.

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Technology The Invention of The Cell Phone Essay

Technology has been a part of Americans’ lives for several years and continues to improve. It has given society an easier way to communicate with family and friends with one simple device, the cell phone. A cellular phone is the most common type of technology used by all groups of people including parents, teenagers, and even young children. The number of people who own a cell phone also continues to increase, causing a huge distraction on society. Cell phones seem to own a person as they depend on their phone for almost everything. Though the cell phone was invented for beneficial purposes, people have completely misused this device which has caused negative effects in their lives including the people around them. The cell phone was†¦show more content†¦A persons cell phone is the first thing he or she sees in the morning, and the last thing they see at night. People claim they almost feel naked without it (Dalton). Americans spend countless hours on their cell phone s and forget what surrounds them. Misusing these mobile phones can lead to dangerous situations or just simply consume ones precious time. Cell phones have proved to be dangerous several different times, but society continues to ignore these situations. When one gets in their car, they no longer enjoy the ride or the views as they travel. Instead, they feel the need to call somebody while they drive or even worse, they text and drive despite the risks. Though several people text and drive, the number is higher for teenagers. In the article The Real Risks of Texting and Driving Jane Park discuses the dangers this can have on ones own life along with other people on the road. It should be obvious to people that texting and driving is not safe in the least bit, but does society care? Even with astounding statistics over the hazards of texting and driving, many adolescents continue the habit. According to last years ATT Teen Driver Survey, 97 percent of fifteen-to nineteen-year-olds un derstand the dangers, but 43 percent do it anyway (Park). Texting and driving is one of the leading causes of car accidents. As a person is texting, their focus turnsShow MoreRelatedRobert Rodriguez s Marketing New Inventions756 Words   |  4 PagesJudlin Pierre WSIII-023-27 Professor Coyle 17 September 2014 Illustration Essay Great Inventions Robert Rodriguez s Marketing new inventions is an essay about how to market inventions smartly and safely. Rodriguez shows examples of inventions that made it in the market and how they came about. Robert Rodriguez mentions facts about Tim Walsh, who gave examples of how some products are knocked off the market. Walsh states, â€Å"The problem is that success often prompts others to want in on whatRead MoreThe Telephone: Then and Now1221 Words   |  5 PagesEvans The Telephone: Then and Now HUMN 303: Introduction to the Humanities Instructor E. Elliott February 11, 2011 The Telephone: Then and Now The telephone was one of the greatest American inventions. Developed in the 1800’s by Alexander Graham Bell, it quickly became one of the most used inventions in the world. The telephone had many impacts on society and the way we communicated and still plays a huge role in the world we live today. The telephone has developed from something that was notRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society Today1302 Words   |  6 Pagesthat you are looking at some form of technology. Imagine living in the world without the simple things that we overlook each and every day, things such as fire, and paper. Imagine the world without cars, TV, or the Internet. Most of us could not envision what life would be like without the many inventions and advancements of technology because we have become so accustomed and consumed by the modern technology all around us. With the inventions of simple technology made long ago, it has transformedRead MoreThe Invention Of The Telephone837 Words   |à ‚  4 Pages Autumn Zavala Ms. Covington Period 5 May 2, 2017 The Invention of the Telephone Since the beginning of time, man has refined communication using various techniques expressing his thoughts and ideas. Man utilized many diverse ways corresponding with others case in point, painting on cave walls, smoke signals, beating on drums and â€Å"talking wires† (the name American Indians gave to the overhead wires on poles used during the 1800’s, commonly known as â€Å"telegraph†). (Chief SeattleRead MoreNow is the Perfect Time to Invest in a Phone667 Words   |  3 PagesTaking a step towards the future initiates with the invention of many man-made godly technological advancements, among which are methods to keep everyone connected to each other at all time. Confirming the safety of the user, new an elegant products can be found at every turn of the road. Communication plays an important role in every humans life. Communication have concurred over visual effects, social media, and personalizing information. Communication is connection that links the sender to theRead MoreImpact of the Light Bulb and Cell Phone on Society1353 Words   |  6 PagesWhen one reflects on the past century, it is astonishing how much technology has evolved in every sense. From light bulbs that lasted only ten hours, to bulbs that can now last over ten thousand hours. From a simple cellular phone only capable of making phone calls, to today’s smartphones that have effectively changed the way we interact with one another. Although there will always be opponents of technology, there is no denying that is has positively impacted modern society, and the way we liveRead MoreEssay about Camera Phones and Invasion of Privacy1079 Words   |  5 PagesCamera Phones and Invasion of Privacy    â€Å"New technology has†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.placed all of us in an electronic fishbowl in which our habits, tastes and activities are watched and recorded.† as told by Simson Garfinkel (Ojeda). In the 21st century it is easy to awe people with new technology. Take two popular gadgets, merge them into a single point-and-click device, and then watch the world go nuts over it. This is a fact that will never change. Technology in this world is growing every day and there are productsRead MoreMy Statement of Purpose: Telecommunications Chip Designing660 Words   |  3 PagesStatement of Purpose It is fascinating to watch how telecommunications gained freedom with the first mobile phone in 1973 (Cell Phone Invention) that costs $3500 to the smart phones of today that costs much cheaper, but contain so many more features, such as web capabilities and GPS tracking embedded in the chip design (Robertson, 2011). And, now, there are new innovations of the smart antenna that gives smartphone users the capability to make or receive calls at the same as time as texting, emailingRead MoreLife Without Cell Phone1399 Words   |  6 PagesLIFE WITHOUT CELL PHONES Introduction We have become a society that is totally dependant on communication devices to make our world go round. We have technology today that allows us to keep in almost constant contact with one another. We communicate through cell phones that use a network of specialized base stations called cell sites, but many people now are using cell and mobile phones that use a satellite signal for their connection. The phone, TV, personal computer and Internet haveRead MoreThe Cell Phone Evolution Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cell Phone Evolution Table of Contents THE BEGINNING 3 A NEW WAY TO COMMUNICATE 4 PRESENT CELL PHONES 6 FUTURE CELL PHONES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 The Cell Phone Evolution THE BEGINNING Over a century ago, Alexander Graham Bell changed the way people communicated with each other. Back when he invented the phone in 1876, no one could imagine that over the next century, his invention would change the way societies interact

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Vaccine Adherence Via Technology Vaccination Essay

Vaccine Adherence via Technology Immunizations recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are important in helping to protect individuals from potentially harmful, and even fatal, vaccine-preventable diseases. The CDC recommends routine vaccination to prevent 17 vaccine-preventable diseases that can occur in infants, children, adolescents, and adults (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). Adhering to vaccine schedules and completing vaccine series according to state specific age requirements may help with decreasing disease outbreaks, decrease missed school days for school age children due to illness, and decrease socioeconomic loss that may happen secondary to parents missing work to stay home to care for a sick child. According to the CDC (2011), vaccines are administered consistent with age-specific risks for disease, age-specific risks for complications and age-specific responses to vaccination. Within a primary care clinic setting, especially a pediatric practice, completi ng vaccines as scheduled by the CDC recommendations is ideal. Although the topic of vaccines and completing all recommended vaccine series can sometimes be difficult for some parents to comprehend, proper education and evidence based research can facilitate the goal of vaccinating children as adequately as possible. In recent years, the number of vaccines has increased. Children who are not immunized can readily transmit vaccine-preventable diseases throughoutShow MoreRelatedParental Vaccination Compliance Is More Prevalent Than Ever Before Essay2093 Words   |  9 Pagessurrounding parental vaccination compliance is more prevalent than ever before, and the and these changes yield powerful implications for non-vaccinators and vaccine-compliant parties alike. Although compliance and adherence to health and safety guidelines may wax and wane with changing times, there is sufficient evidence to support the claim that vaccines provide unparalleled protection from preventable and potentially fatal diseases, and failure of even a few to comply with recommended vaccine schedules mayRead MoreBackground Guide Of World Health Organization7133 Words   |  29 Pages60th anniversary in 2008 provided an additional opportunity for the World Health Organization to evaluate its approach towards emerging issues including the impact of climate change on health, the future of primary care, and communications technologies in healthcare.9 In its 11th Program of Work, the World Health Organization acknowledged the threat of unforeseen challenges, many of which are becoming apparent now as the World Health Organization moves into its 12th Program of Work.10 The 12thRead MoreCommunity Acquired Pneumonia18251 Words   |  74 Pages The study was conducted in a private tertiary hospital in Makati City. The said hospital is well-known because of its high standards of giving care and high standard facilities. It is equipped with up-to-date equipments that go with the modern technology to cater medical needs of its patient and meet their expectations. The institution also has highly- qualified staffs and capable licensed health care provider to provide outstanding services to its clients. The hospital conceptualized the totalRead MoreCancer : A Common Misconception About Cancer5956 Words   |  24 Pagesrequired, it is usually done with the aid of drugs (chemotherapy) or radiation (radiotherapy). This further treatment is called adjuvant treatment. Sometimes a tumour needs to be shrunk for the ease of surgery or to ensure that it is cured. This is done via neoadjuvant treatments such as chemotherapy, biological therapy (use of biological substances and organisms to help shrink malignant neoplasms) and hormone therapy. This technique has its own disadvantages too. If a cancer has spread more than the surgeonRead MoreEssay on Role of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis8530 Words   |  35 Pagesusually reduced at the sites of vascular plaque lesions. Decreased NO production has been implicated in the clinical course of virtually all known cardiovascular diseases (Verma et al, 2002). NO inhibits platelet adherence and aggregation, suppresses vasoconstriction, reduces the adherence of leukocytes to the endothelium, and suppresses the proliferation of vascular SMCs; thus the reduction in NO activity contributes to the proinflammatory and prothrombotic milieu of atherosclerosis. It has beenRead Morepharmacoeconomic Essay14259 Words   |  58 Pagesapplied papers is observed. Expected value of sample information (EVSI) is the preferred method of VOI to inform decision making regarding speciï ¬ c future studies, but real-life L. Steuten () à  K. Groothuis-Oudshoorn Department of Health Technology and Services Research, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands e-mail: l.m.g.steuten@utwente.nl applications of EVSI remain scarce. Methodological challenges to VOI are numerous and include the high computationalRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pages1974 (other than under section 6 609), title XXII of the Public Health Service Act, 7 section 4980B of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 8 (other than subsection (f)(1) of such section insofar 9 as it relates to pediatric vaccines), or section 905a 10 of title 5, United States Code, or under a State pro- 11 gram that provides comparable continuation cov- 12 erage. Such term does not include coverage under a 13 health flexible spending arrangement under

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Pandemic Influenza National Preparedness Plan

Question: Literature review on pandemic influenza national preparedness plans ( history, how closely they follow WHO guidance documents, usefulness, policy planning for influenza). Answer: Introduction Influenza viruses achieve pandemic proportion once they spread rapidly leading to worldwide pandemics. Increase in awareness of threat caused by pandemic influenza on public health over the last few years has led to growing focus on pandemic influenza preparedness planning (PIPP) (Holloway et al., 2014). Such plans were made earlier but failed as it paid less attention to the requirements of the disadvantaged (World Health Organization, 2015). It is difficult to completely eradicate the influenza virus as it has many subtypes and all of them exist in aquatic birds. Moreover, it is difficult to predict the occurrence of next pandemic and severity of a disease. Flood or any other disaster-related planning taking place at the local scale may not be very robust in its response towards pandemic influenza that can impact the public health infrastructure. Every country must be able to strike a balance between preparedness and risk which is a challenge in planning for pandemic influenza. Pla nners and policy-making bodies should be capable to wisely allocate resources by making a realistic estimate of the pandemic outcomes. It will ensure that the heath care needs on the daily basis are not shortchanged. In this literature review, the author aims to analyze the previous findings of these plans along with WHO guidance documents. The review will identify how closely the countries follow these guidelines and what are its benefits and usefulness. In this paper, there will be an emphasis on policy planning for influenza. Further, it will highlight the theoretical models behind pandemic influenza planning. It will also address the questions that if pandemic plans address modeling needs of researchers to make projections and forecasts. History In 2003, the re-emergence of cases related to avian H5N1 triggered global efforts to support countries for increasing their capacity to detect novel influenza viruses (Iskander et al., 2013). In 2004, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced to help countries in enhancing their surveillance capacity (Fineberg, 2014). CDC through its bilateral cooperative agreements, with 12 countries has identified cases of H5N1 (Moen et al., 2014). According to Shimabukuro Redd, (2014) the aim of this agreement was to enhance epidemiology, surveillance, and laboratory infrastructure required for influenza detection. These provide the countries with training, funding and technical assistance to identify the gaps in surveillance and infrastructure and address them accordingly (Jonas Warford, 2014). The states having established national influenza center (NIC) are only eligible to enter the CDC agreement provided they agree to share essential data and samples with the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) (Mei et al., 2013). According to World Health Organization, (2013) the reports of International Health Regulations, 2013 the preparedness plan of the world is not accurate enough to mitigate health events of public. Therefore, multisectoral collaboration is required to overcome the threat. In 2013, WHO issued Pandemic Influenza Risk Management' a guidance document to update and replace about response related to pandemic influenza preparedness. Role of WHO It aims to develop plans related to threats to public health. The concept it holds is that there should be a risk-based approach to managing public health emergencies. WHO supports and helps to meet IHR obligations by maintaining the strength of core capacities. It also governs policies by providing the ethical framework. It strengthens the GISRS and improves the laboratories for surveillance and diagnostics It promotes the production capacity globally for pandemic vaccines with the help of Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines (Cox et al., 2014) According to Sun et al., (2014) the WHO recommendations, the PIPP will be maintained in line with Pandemic Influenza Risk Management WHO Interim Guidance and be revised by the member states. It also includes National Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Deployment Plan to be integrated with national PIPP. It recommends a perfect collaboration and coordination between stakeholders and other government sectors whose specific responsibilities are defined in NIPP. The plan also needs to include emerging hazards due to infectious diseases (Meeyai et al., 2013). According to Uyeki Cox, (2013) the WHO/ SEARO advocates and supports the countries to improve their emergency operation centers. WHO disseminates messages related to public health through media, press conference, and its websites. It is also responsible for providing financial and technical resources for implementing the new WHO interim guidance. Technical support of WHO includes: To improve the surveillance and data collection related to clinical, epidemiological and virological data. It helps to assess the "human-to-human transmission and the epidemiological situation." influenza-like illness risk assessment Interventions to reduce the disease spread (Stein et al., 2012) WHO provides its member states updated guidance related to laboratory biosafety, infection prevention, and control, clinical management in health-care facilities, use of antiviral and home-based care, use of seasonal and pandemic vaccines (Bandayrel et al., 2013). Overall WHO facilitates the development of a system for impact assessment and its tool consists of guidelines, training and dedicated team for this purpose. According to Reidy et al., (2015) all the member states (Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Maldives, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Timor-Leste) were ready with their NIPP during the 2009 pandemic hit. It was found that the plan was helpful in fighting the infectious diseases. Figure: Risk assessment and recovery (Source: Jonas Warford, 2014) Countries response to these guidance documents, beneficial and usefulness Wangchuk et al., (2013) investigated that Thailand had sophisticated response system and developed its "self-learning business continuity plan online". Bangladesh laid its focus on reliable surveillance systems including information sharing system. It acts as the platform for monitoring the severity of influenza. According to Influenza, (2012) Sri Lanka showed the usefulness of web-based influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection surveillance systems. All the member states showed the high level of "political commitment" and described the response structures for pandemic preparedness (World Health Organization, 2015). According to Chowell Viboud, (2013) all these countries have committees for facing national level emergencies such as Prime Minister's Committees (Williams et al., 2014). Johnson et al., (2015) studied that Timor-Leste has "National Commission for Epidemic Control" which is powerful command structure supplemented with military support, working groups and civil societies. According to Bhatia, (2013) all the member states have Ministry of Health help in organizing response at a national level. Jonas Warford, (2014) described that Indonesia highlights the significance of "coordination spreading to sub-national levels" by the presence of "influenza outbreak command post at provincial, district and central levels. Some countries such as Nepal, Bhutan have integrated the disaster management plan in the NIPP. (Azziz-Baumgartner et al., 2012) Criticized that most of the member states have implemented the vaccine deployment plan only in 2009 pandemic situation. Some of these countries like Nepal still suffer from an absence of skilled staff, decreased capacity for isolation spaces, inability to sustain the plateau level of response from the teams. They thus are unable to completely follow the WHO guidance documents (Chowdhury et al., 2016). Polansky et al., (2016) analyzed that some of the countries shifted from their priorities as a result of fatigue that followed after 2009 pandemic. Dewar Robinson (2014) investigated that in almost all the member states the NIPP is reviewed but in Bangladesh and Nepal, the NIPP is revised but has not received approval from the higher levels. Bastien et al., (2012) identified that some of these countries are experiencing the problem with "Risk communication" which was not entirely integrated into preparedness plan. There is a dilemma that to what extent media should be involved in information sharing as there are no guidelines related to it provided by NIPP. The other challenges faced by these countries as identified by (Charania et al., 2014) are: lack of zeal, interest, competence, cooperation between government sectors, decreased capacity for assessment of severity. Uyeki Cox, (2013) investigated that all the member states shared influenza viruses with GISRS and contributed towards sharing benefits by working with important private and public institutions and also continue its support of GISRS. Reidy et al., (2015) explored the benefit of WHO guidance document and stated that it is useful in sharing the PIP biological materials such as influenza vaccine, pharmaceutical manufacturers and diagnostic, research and academic institutions which are outside of GISRS. The other benefits are partnership contribution (Manufacturers using WHO GISRS, diagnostics and influenza vaccine contribute to WHO on the annual basis) which in turn helps in overall improvement of "global pandemic influenza preparedness" and response. The other factors of usefulness are Building surveillance capacity Establishment of antiviral vaccination Stockpiling of interpandemic vaccine Improvement of laboratory equipment (Jonas Warford, 2014) Policy planning for influenza In response to the spread of diseases like influenza, some significant health advances have taken place globally. WHO has issued a new policy named "Pandemic Influenza Risk Management" which guides on preparedness, understanding the dynamic of the disease and risk management of influenza (World Health Organization, 2015). WHO has taken initiative for Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan in Kathmandu, Nepal. The purpose of the program was to make the nation prepared for diseases management according to the guidance of WHO (Sanford et al., 2016). The primary objective of this program was to review to the current trend of the influenza pandemic in South-East Asia region and recommend new WHO guidance plan for the development of national preparedness plan in pandemic influenza (World Health Organization, 2015). The WHO member states (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Timor-Leste) updated their experience on preparedness (Hirve et al., 2016) . The session addressed different approaches developed by each country to check increased rate of influenza (Forster, 2014). There was risk-based planning to encourage member states to develop right plans by global risk assessment study done by WHO. WHO extended its technical cooperation in Bhutan for the period of 2014-2018. This is the fourth WHO Country Cooperation Strategy developed with the collaboration of Ministry of Health, national agencies, important stakeholders and health partners like United Nations for contributing to the health sector in Bhutan. This partnership is crucial for the improvement in the health of Bhutan citizens. Their target is to sustain Millenium Development Goals and increasing ways of prevention, monitoring and treatment of pandemic diseases like influenza (Dhingra et al., 2014). The unified goal is to reduce morbidity, mortality and achieving access to affordable health care service. For attaining the target of Millenium Development Goal, they have developed plans for strengthening prevention approaches. WHO has provided important funding to Bhutan to give technical suppor t for management of pandemic influenza. WHO has provided assistance to the Ministry of Health for mobilizing additional resources for global health initiatives. The set priorities will help in the development of health risk management plan in the next five years. This unified support will harmonize support towards achieving national health goal for Bhutan (Crichton, 2015). Other member states are also involved in the initiatives for managing the spread of influenza worldwide. Each member country described the challenges and best practices needed in their country to administer the pandemic influenza (Mei et al., 2013). Bangladesh stressed the need for reliable surveillance system monitor the severity of influenza disease through analyzing laboratory capacity and special surveillance in hospitals (World Health Organization, 2015). The health ministry of Sri Lanka suggested implementation of web-based influenza illness system. Many member countries suggested a need for identification of hazards, cross-border preparation plan and vaccine deployment plan for the disease. WHO helped in preparing response structure for pandemic preparedness. It provided support from political powers for fighting the pandemic (World Health Organization, 2015). In all the member states, Ministry Of Heath was involved in supporting national emergency committee, and they have pla yed a role in raising nation level awareness through coordination of different sectors (Van Kerkhove et al., 2012). Theoretical models in pandemic plans According to Lssig and Ã…Â uksza, a fitness model is derived for haemagglutinin that predicts the viral population evolution from one year to another. In this model, two factors, deleterious mutations outside the epitopes and adaptive epitope changes are used to identify the strains fitness (Handel et al., 2013). Fitness components of the strains are concluded in the given circulating year through using the data of population-genetic of all past strains (Bull Lauring, 2014). In the following year, the frequency of descendent strains is predicted from frequency and fitness of each strain. The researcher can map the adaptive history of influenza spread by using this fitness model (Sugita et al., 2013). This model also helps in selecting principle methods for vaccine selection (Ã…Â uksza Lssig, 2014). In a structured population, Sander had utilized a discrete-time, stochastic simulation model of influenza spread to compare different intervention strategies through their effectiveness. One publication is made to compare the predictions of the model with other research models. According to this model, a population was selected, which contains people communicating in known contact groups (Sander et al., 2009). As per the researcher, this model helps in stimulating the stochastic spread of influenza. It was assumed that each in the population meets people from neighborhood or households or people from larger community or neighborhood (Pybus et al., 2013). In this present population, it was observed that adults are in contact with workgroups and households, school-age children attend high, middle and elementary school, and preschool children attend larger day-care centers or small playgroups (Kolmanovskii Myshkis, 2013). An infected individual after receiving treatment in this populat ion modifies the other healthy outcomes, like hospitalization, pneumonia, bronchitis due to the spread of influenza. This model will help the researchers to stratify the population in an account of risk and age status. The age groups consist of older adults (65 years), younger adults (1964 years old), children (518 years), and children (04 years) (Malosh et al., 2014). Younger adults are further stratified into low and high risk. While, High-risk adults have underlying chronic conditions, like, metabolic disease, respiratory or cardiovascular, that increases the risk of mortality, hospitalizations, pneumonia, bronchitis, etc. The occurrence of Influenza pandemics has found in the history, and it is associated with excess substantial morbidity and mortality. Wu and Cowling used the mathematical model of this infectious disease to permit the quantitative analysis of epidemic processes to depend on the underlying biological mechanisms (Wu Cowling, 2011). In the past years, this model was used to know pandemic planning by allowing detailed assumptions of spreading rate of influenza and effectiveness of those alternative control strategies. During influenza pandemic of 2009, mathematical models were utilized to track the spreading rate of the virus, predict the time duration of the pandemic and analysis of the influence of large-scale vaccination (Wu Cowling, 2011). This model has contributed substantially to pandemic influenza preparedness. To control this pandemic, this model is used as a real time tool. Recently, the use of this model is limited due to lack of necessary surveillance information such as se rological data (Ernsting et al., 2013). This mathematical model provides a beneficial layout to interpret and analyze surveillance data of influenza pandemic. Conclusion The literature review has given a clear concept about the NIPP and the models in a planning process. There is a need of addressing issues faced by some of the member states like providing adequate funds for purchasing the large amount of PPE. As there is still a persistent threat of pandemic influenza, all the member states should have properly planned response system and hence increase their efforts for improvement and better preparedness. References Azziz-Baumgartner, E., Alamgir, A. S. M., Rahman, M., Homaira, N., Sohel, B. M., Sharker, M. A., ... Fry, A. M. (2012). Incidence of influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection during three influenza seasons in Bangladesh, 2008-2010.Bulletin of the World Health Organization,90(1), 12-19. Bandayrel, K., Lapinsky, S., Christian, M. (2013). Information technology systems for critical care triage and medical response during an influenza pandemic: a review of current systems.Disaster medicine and public health preparedness,7(03), 287-291. Bastien, N., Booth, T., Charest, H., Chernesky, M., Couillard, M., Drews, S., ... Fonseca, K. (2012). Impact of Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) on Laboratory Services. Bhatia, P. (2013). The H1N1 influenza pandemic: need for solutions to ethical problems.Indian journal of medical ethics,10(4), 259-263. Bull, J. J., Lauring, A. S. (2014). Theory and empiricism in virulence evolution.PLoS Pathog,10(10), e1004387. Charania, N. A., Martin, I. D., Liberda, E. N., Meldrum, R., Tsuji, L. J. (2014). Bird harvesting practices and knowledge, risk perceptions, and attitudes regarding avian influenza among Canadian First Nations subsistence hunters: implications for influenza pandemic plans.BMC public health,14(1), 1. Chowdhury, M. Z. U., Alamgir, A. S. M., Munshi, S. (2016). The impending threat of an Influenza pandemic.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Microbiology,1(1), 1-3. Chowell, G., Viboud, C. (2013). Lessons learned from case fatality risk estimates of 2009 pandemic influenza.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.),24(6), 842. Cox, N. J., Trock, S. C., Burke, S. A. (2014). Pandemic preparedness and the Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT). InInfluenza Pathogenesis and Control-Volume I(pp. 119-136). Springer International Publishing. Crichton, K. (2015). A postcard from BhutanAHA spreads the biosecurity message.Australian veterinary journal,93(6), N10-N10. Dewar, B., Barr, I., Robinson, P. (2014). Hospital capacity and management preparedness for pandemic influenza in Victoria.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,38(2), 184-190. Dhingra, M. S., Dissanayake, R., Negi, A. B., Oberoi, M., Castellan, D., Thrusfield, M., ... Gilbert, M. (2014). Spatio-temporal epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (subtype H5N1) in poultry in eastern India.Spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology,11, 45-57. Ernsting, A., Gellert, P., Schneider, M., Lippke, S. (2013). A mediator model to predict workplace influenza vaccination behaviouran application of the health action process approach.Psychology health,28(5), 579-592. Fineberg, H. V. (2014). Pandemic preparedness and responselessons from the H1N1 influenza of 2009.New England Journal of Medicine,370(14), 1335-1342. Forster, P. (2014). Ten years on: Generating innovative responses to avian influenza.EcoHealth,11(1), 15-21. Handel, A., Brown, J., Stallknecht, D., Rohani, P. (2013). A multi-scale analysis of influenza A virus fitness trade-offs due to temperature-dependent virus persistence.PLoS Comput Biol,9(3), e1002989. Hirve, S., Newman, L. P., Paget, J., Azziz-Baumgartner, E., Fitzner, J., Bhat, N., ... Zhang, W. (2016). Influenza Seasonality in the Tropics and SubtropicsWhen to Vaccinate?.PloS one,11(4), e0153003. Holloway, R., Rasmussen, S. A., Zaza, S., Cox, N. J., Jernigan, D. B. (2014). Updated preparedness and response framework for influenza pandemics.MMWR Recomm Rep,63, 1-18. Influenza, W. P. (2012). Report of the WHO pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccine deployment initiative. Iskander, J., Strikas, R. A., Gensheimer, K. F., Cox, N. J., Redd, S. C. (2013). Pandemic influenza planning, United States, 19782008.Emerg Infect Dis,19(6), 879-85. Johnson, L. E., Muir-Paulik, S. A., Kennedy, P., Lindstrom, S., Balish, A., Aden, T., Moen, A. C. (2015). Capacity building in national influenza laboratoriesuse of laboratory assessments to drive progress.BMC infectious diseases,15(1), 1. Jonas, O., Warford, L. (2014). Global Program for Avian Influenza Control and Human Pandemic Preparedness and Response: Project Accomplishments. Kolmanovskii, V., Myshkis, A. (2013).Introduction to the theory and applications of functional differential equations(Vol. 463). Springer Science Business Media. Ã…Â uksza, M., Lssig, M. (2014). A predictive fitness model for influenza.Nature,507(7490), 57-61. Malosh, R., Ohmit, S. E., Petrie, J. G., Thompson, M. G., Aiello, A. E., Monto, A. S. (2014). Factors associated with influenza vaccine receipt in community dwelling adults and their children.Vaccine,32(16), 1841-1847. Meeyai, A., Cooper, B. S., Coker, R. (2013). Analysis of 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 outcomes in 19 European countries: association with completeness of national strategic plans.BMJ open,3(3), e002253. Mei, L., Song, P., Tang, Q., Shan, K., Gai Tobe, R., Selotlegeng, L., ... Xu, L. (2013). Changes in and shortcomings of control strategies, drug stockpiles, and vaccine development during outbreaks of avian influenza A H5N1, H1N1, and H7N9 among humans.Bioscience trends,7(2), 64-76 Mei, L., Tang, Q., Cui, Y., Gai Tobe, R., Selotlegeng, L., Hammad Ali, A., Xu, L. (2013). Changes in and shortcomings of drug stockpiling, vaccine development and related policies during outbreaks of avian influenza A H5N1, H1N1, and H7N9 among humans.Drug discoveries therapeutics,7(3), 95-100. Moen, A., Kennedy, P. J., Cheng, P. Y., MacDonald, G. (2014). National Inventory of Core Capabilities for Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response: Results from 36 countries with reviews in 2008 and 2010.Influenza and other respiratory viruses,8(2), 201-208. Polansky, L. S., Outin-Blenman, S., Moen, A. C. (2016). Improved Global Capacity for Influenza Surveillance.Emerging infectious diseases,22(6), 993. Pybus, O. G., Fraser, C., Rambaut, A. (2013). Evolutionary epidemiology: preparing for an age of genomic plenty.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences,368(1614), 20120193. Reidy, M., Ryan, F., Hogan, D., Lacey, S., Buckley, C. (2015). Preparedness of hospitals in the Republic of Ireland for an influenza pandemic, an infection control perspective.BMC public health,15(1), 1. Sander, B., Nizam, A., Garrison, L. P., Postma, M. J., Halloran, M. E., Longini, I. M. (2009). Economic evaluation of influenza pandemic mitigation strategies in the United States using a stochastic microsimulation transmission model.Value in Health,12(2), 226-233. Sanford, S., Polzer, J., McDonough, P. (2016). Preparedness as a technology of (in) security: Pandemic influenza planning and the global biopolitics of emerging infectious disease.Social Theory Health,14(1), 18-43. Shimabukuro, T. T., Redd, S. C. (2014). Incorporating research and evaluation into pandemic influenza vaccination preparedness and response.Emerging infectious diseases,20(4), 713. Stein, M. L., Rudge, J. W., Coker, R., van der Weijden, C., Krumkamp, R., Hanvoravongchai, P., ... Touch, S. (2012). Development of a resource modelling tool to support decision makers in pandemic influenza preparedness: The AsiaFluCap Simulator.BMC public health,12(1), 1. Sugita, Y., Sagara, H., Noda, T., Kawaoka, Y. (2013). Configuration of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes within the influenza A virion.Journal of virology,87(23), 12879-12884. Sun, L., DePuy, G. W., Evans, G. W. (2014). Multi-objective optimization models for patient allocation during a pandemic influenza outbreak.Computers Operations Research,51, 350-359. Uyeki, T. M., Cox, N. J. (2013). Global concerns regarding novel influenza A (H7N9) virus infections.New England Journal of Medicine,368(20), 1862-1864. Van Kerkhove, M. D., Ferguson, N. M. (2012). Epidemic and intervention modelling: a scientific rationale for policy decisions? Lessons from the 2009 influenza pandemic.Bulletin of the World Health Organization,90(4), 306-310. Wangchuk, S., Thapa, B., Zangmo, S., Jarman, R. G., Bhoomiboonchoo, P., Gibbons, R. V. (2013). Influenza surveillance from November 2008 to 2011; including pandemic influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in Bhutan.Influenza and other respiratory viruses,7(3), 426-430. Williams, S., Fitzner, J., Merianos, A., Mounts, A. (2014). The challenges of global case reporting during pandemic A (H1N1) 2009.Bulletin of the World Health Organization,92(1), 60-67. Policy planning for influenza

Monday, December 9, 2019

Saint Essay Example For Students

Saint Essay Francis LifeSt. Franciss life began as any other man of his time. He was a wealthyindividual who was preoccupied with material comforts. This preoccupation alsoled him to fear the poor, especially lepers. St. Francis then entered into aconversion that led him to be an alter Christus. He gave up all his materialpossessions and embraced poverty and welcomed the poor and needy into his lifewith open arms. he ignored the ridicule he received from both his family and hispeers and entered this new way of life and became dedicated to helping people inneed. St. Franciss conversion began after he had been imprisoned for a yearin a foreign country. He returns home and falls ill and is bedridden for anotheryear. He then sets out for another war, but is called home by the beckoning ofGod. His conversion is gradual as he begins slowly working with the poor and thelepers. Francis eventually becomes estranged from his family and is broughtbefore the Bishop of Assisi by his father. Here Francis publ icly renounces hisinheritance, strips his clothes, and begins his journey in search of GodsKingdom. Francis is ridiculed by his friends and his peers, but he endures thehumiliation and continues his work with the poor. Now Francis begins to imitateJesus and begins preaching, this leads to many men following Francis andcreation the Franciscan Order. These men went throughout the cities andcountryside helping the poor and rebuilding the church both physically andspiritually. For the rest of Franciss life he spread the word of God, and inhis death he received the great honor of Sainthood. St. Francis not only touchedthe lives of people in his own time, but he also touched the next generationwith his teachings he has left behind. The mere mention of St. Franciss namebrings to mind poverty. This is a man who gave up all his worldly possessionsand joined the beggars in the streets. St. Franciss reasoning for doing thewas to become closer to God and his kingdom. Franciss relationship to po vertycan be defined by these lines, holy poverty stands high above all the virtuesthat prepare in us a dwelling place for God (Sacrum Commercium). It alsostates that, blessed are the poor in spirit, Jesus said, for theirs isthe kingdom of Heaven. As Francis interprets the Bible, God enters your lifeonly when you are poor in spirit, and when this occurs the kingdom of Heaven ismade available to you. St. Francis and his followers took these words to heartand lived every day of their lives following these lessons. Becoming closer toGod was the sole reason for Franciss vow of poverty. Accompanying this vow healso believed he had the solution to war. St. Francis taught his followers thatif they had possessions that they would need arms to defend them. He believedthat possessions led to violence, hatred, and war. Individuals self worth is tooften measured by how money they possess of what possessions they have. Withoutpossessions mankind would all be on equal footing and there for less pr oblemswould exist. Today reality shows us that such a way of living is not possible. In todays world, instead of flaunting our wealth, we can share and try not tomeasure people to these standards. When one brings these teachings into thetwentieth century it is hard to imagine actually following them as St. Francisdid. When I think of myself and all the materials that we possess; givingeverything up is not an option. We are a selfish human race as a whole, and wethrive on buying the newest technology and latest fashions. Giving our time byvolunteering and giving to various charities are two small ways we, even ascollege students, can make a difference. It may not appear to be as radical asSt. Franciss conversion but if everyone contributes in a small way it willmake a world of difference. .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018 , .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018 .postImageUrl , .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018 , .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018:hover , .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018:visited , .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018:active { border:0!important; } .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018:active , .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018 .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3b4ea5f015c163a9074ade5e7fc41018:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Metamorphosis: Gregor Was An Unselfish Person EssayReligion

Monday, December 2, 2019

Scholarship Essay Essays (296 words) - , Term Papers

Scholarship Essay A few days ago, as I was eating lunch with friends, I entered a heated debate a bout the worth of education. "I should not have to learn algebra and calculus because it will have no influence on my life," my opponent angrily shouted as I tried to defend the usefulness of mathematics. Three days later, I still mul l over the issue, trying to arrive at the origin of the disparity of views betw een my opponent and me. I treasure every bit of knowledge I gain, in or out of school. When someone contends that a particular academic field or realm of inf ormation has no applications, I feel compelled to demonstrate the fallacy of such an argument by citing an example from my life. As a middle-schooler in Moscow, Russia, I took English for three years. Many of my peers grumbled about having to attend the course, adamant in their belief that these skills would be never used. However, some, including myself, felt that any offer of knowledge was to be accepted and stored away for possible later use. Lo and behold, three years after I signed up for my first English class, I found myself living in the United States, sending sincere thank you letters to my English teacher for supplying me with survival skills. If I had not taken my class seriously, my integration into the American society would have taken much longer. My attitude toward learning has not changed since. Striving to excel in every class I take, I regard education in all areas as relevant to my life, rather than remote. I try to link each piece of new information either to my intended field of study (Physics/Mathematics) or to personal enlightenment. Living up to my motto, "The measure of learning is its application," I prepare myself for all situations and achieve well-roundedness.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Where Is Your Company Among The Life CycleS Essays -

Where Is Your Company Among The Life Cycle'S? Where is Your Company Among the Life Cycle's? (How Long will the PBX Life Cycle Be?) Recently we did a detailed life cycle evaluation not only on some companies but the system or product used. This example, the PBX system or private branch exchange, would be considered ?buried in overhead? by some, but we broke down into detailed areas evaluating specifics that effect ever-changing technology factors. As PBX technology becomes more advanced, the life expectancy of PBX systems is shrinking. Enterprises must plan for shorter life cycles for newer, server-based PBX systems. I will show different criteria for several types of enterprises using the system yielding limited life expectancies or cycles. My example here is different than the traditional product life cycle, but you can identify the events and actions taken in order to compensate for the unquantifiable metrics often found when trying to make a sound business decision. I understand the Stage of Production, Product/Service Life Cycle, and the Nolan Norton Technology Cost Life Cycle. You will read how I have immersed my discussion even deeper in the technology cost life cycle. Knowingly aware of this, a company most often will know where they are in the other cycles. Key Issue How will enterprises keep their voice- and call-processing equipment up to date through 2002 without facing major migrations? Strategic Planning Assumptions Through 2002, enterprises purchasing PBX systems should expect an average system life cycle of four to five years (0.8 probability). The PCX will become the preferred technology for enterprise-wide voice switching in Type A (leading-edge) enterprises by 2001, while Type B (mainstream) and Type C (conservative) enterprises will delay adoption of PBX technology by up to five years (0.7 probability). Enterprises planning to purchase PBX systems within the next five years face tactical decisions that will affect their business both operationally and financially. PBX systems are migrating from a purely proprietary software and hardware architecture to an open-server platform that will be differentiated by the software, service and support each vendor provides. In the transition to an open-server platform (see Figure 1), one certain change will be that manufacturers will be unable to offer life cycles as long as those offered by their proprietary predecessors. Enterprises planning PBX purchases through 2002 should expect an average PBX system life cycle of four to five years (0.8 probability). Tactical Guidelines Enterprises planning to purchase a PBX system within the next five years should expect an average system life cycle of four to five years. PBX life cycles have typically averaged eight to 10 years; however, changes in PBX architecture will significantly impact PBX longevity. We classify PBX life cycles by Type A, Type B and Type C enterprises: Type A enterprises should plan for PBX life cycles of three to four years. Type B enterprises should plan for PBX life cycles of four to five years. Type C enterprises should plan for maximum PBX life cycles of seven years. In the past, the completely proprietary structure of PBX systems gave their manufacturers the ability to control product life cycles. If new features or technologies were needed, the manufacturer would evaluate the current platform, and implement a combination of hardware, software and firmware solutions to offer that feature or technology on the existing system architecture at an additional cost. This approach provided the enterprise with a reasonably reliable product with an average life cycle of eight to ten years. Product platforms did change, but only when the necessary technology or feature required drastic changes to the existing platform. Even then, manufacturers sought to integrate adjunct peripherals as an interim solution supporting their installed base while a new solution was being developed. Now, as the PBX migrates toward a more data-centric LAN platform, PBX manufacturers will become more reliant on and tied to life expectancies of their server and hardware providers - resulting in the Trojan horse principle. According to this principle, PBX manufacturers will increasingly develop and offer new applications and features that are only available on their server-based products - eventually forcing the transition to an entirely LAN-based architecture. In doing so, vendors may claim that they are only responding to the market request for open standards in telecommunication products. A good