Disparities in Diagnosis of Depression

In the paper, â€Å"Disparities in Diagnosis of Depression†, the author has made a mention of the problem of African-Americans being less likely to report, getting evaluated or diagnosed for depression, mania or anxiety than their White Counterparts (Gary 2005). This paper would be concentrating on the reasons for this problem. In history, African Americans have been the victims of chattel slavery and many people felt that they could be suffering from certain mental changes.Many people considered them to be suffering from a psychiatric disorder known as ‘draptemania’ (characterized by the need to flee from captivity). Although, African-Americans have an inherent nature not to get depressed very easily because of their apparent happy character, the condition is also at a greater risk of going undiagnosed, under-diagnosed or even misdiagnosed. This was a concern existing since a long time and even till today this problem is existing (Baker, 2000, pp. 3167).Minority communities especially African-American’s may make up a vital portion of the US population, and if health problems exist, the health status, economic welfare and quality of living of the entire nation would certainly be affected. Only a small portion of the minority population would be receiving ideal mental healthcare (Reus, 2001). It may not be felt that the mental health services for the African-American Communities should be improved as the risk of developing depression is comparatively lower compared to the White population.Besides, the mental health services may be only developed to lower the occurrence of mental disorders rather than treating a much bigger problem (which could be increasing the risk of developing the disorder) (Witt, 2006). Many of the healthcare providers (such as hospitals, public healthcare settings, etc) tend to focus a lot on the ethnicity of the patients (usually the color the skin) rather than on the individual healthcare requirements and the se veral socio-economic factors.Several of these providers assume certain problems or issues to have occurred (such as social problems, racial issues, trauma, alienation, etc), which would be responsible for the mental health disorder. The African-American Population may have certain negative experiences with the healthcare system, and hence in the future this ethnic group would develop negative feelings towards the system, thus reducing their reliance on it.Hence, such individuals are less likely to go to the healthcare providers to seek medical care, and in such instances several mental disorders would go undiagnosed and untreated (Mallett, 2000). Several individuals belonging to the minority community may not seek mental health services as they may fear that they may be misunderstood and further they may undergo ill-treatment due to the prevailing lags in culture, ethnicity, language and literary levels.Many of the African-Americans who are seeking mental health services may be lock ed or held in the hospital wards and forced to undergo treatment. They may be administered drugs in greater than normal dosage and all laws and regulations regarding management may be ignored, misused and by-passed. The White Physicians may be biased while diagnosing and treating African-American mental patients. They may discriminate them racially and be arrogant with them.Some physicians may genuinely have a problem with African-American patients as they may not know the patient’s language and culture (Mallett, 2000). Besides this, several other causes such as homelessness, the presence of several other general disorders, access to illegal drugs, lower levels of insurance coverage, etc, amongst African-American population were responsible for the lower chances of several mental disorders getting evaluated and treated (O'toole, T. P. , Pollini, R. , Gray, P. & Jones, T. ; 2007).

Land O. Lakes Marketing Strategy

In business, it is essential for management to understand the role and importance of marketing to his or her organization. Management utilizes marketing tools to satisfy the needs of customers, and to gain a better understanding of the product itself. The goal of this paper is to discuss and analyze the distribution practices of Land O Lakes butter. In review of the distribution practices, I will also attempt to show the importance of knowing and understanding the product you are marketing. Distribution Strategies A distribution strategy is in relation to how a company will distribute the product or services they are offering to the consumer.The distribution of a product is essential to the organization. Making sure the product is at the right place at the right time. If the demand for the product is underestimated, the consumer will not be able to purchase the product, which will affect profits. There are two channels of distribution; indirect and direct. Indirect channels of distri bution involve distributing the product to different outlets before it gets to the retailer or consumer, for example the product is sold to a manufacture, then to a wholesaler, and then on to the retailer.Direct channels of distribution involve shipping the product directly from the manufacturer to the consumer. There are several types of distribution strategies. The most common types are intensive distribution, exclusive distribution, and selective distribution. Intensive distribution is more commonly used to distribute low priced or impulse purchases, for example soft drinks. Exclusive distribution involves limited distribution to a single outlet, for example cars. Selective Distribution is when an organization uses a select and small number of outlets to distribute his or her product.Land O Lakes uses an indirect distribution channel and intensive distribution. Distribution Models A distribution model is the manner in which goods move from the manufacturer to the outlet where the consumer purchases them; in some marketplaces, it's a very complex channel, including distributors, wholesaler, jobbers and brokers (Entrepreneur 2010). A distribution model is needed once you have determined how the product will be distributed. Land O Lakes uses the direct distribution model. he producer (farmer), the wholesaler, and then to the retailer, this is similar to that of the conventional distribution model, however, Land O Lakes owns and operates the manufacturing of the product. Distribution Chain A distribution chain refers to the means used to transfer the product or merchandise from the manufacturer to the end user. Land O Lakes is a cooperative, the coop states that it has about 3200 producer-members, 1000 member-cooperatives, and about 9000 employees who process and distribute products for about 300,000 agricultural producers (Land O Lakes, 2010)JIT (Just in Time) Just in time marketing, also called JIT refers to the manufacturing operations of a company. It is in tended to eliminate the wasteful, non value adding tasks and strives for continuous improvement in productivity (Businessihub, 2010). The JIT philosophy was developed in 1970’s by Taiichi Ohno, of Japan. Ohno, developed his philosophy while working with manufacturing plants of Toyota. The primary goal of JIT is to achieve maximum output on a timely basis. Land O Lakes has a similar program it uses to promote and maintain effectiveness. Push vs. PullPush vs. Pull marketing strategies are two different methods for promoting products and services to consumers. Push and Pull marketing is used to define marketing practices for getting the consumer to purchase a particular product or service. Push marketing refers to putting the product or service out to the end user. This can be done through various advertising, such as cold calling, emailing prospective customers, to using a popular website to promote the product. In retail, an example would be in department stores; a salesperson can push or recommend a particular product.Pull marketing refers to an attempt to get the consumer to come and see what product or service your organization is offering. The consumer is enticed so to speak, by the promotions and advertising being presented. Land O Lakes used the pull method of marketing to promote the new butter spread with olive oil, with a commercial of an Olive painted with cow markings, and created the â€Å"Colive†. The promotion included a free coupon to try the spread. Wheel of Retailing Wheels of retailing is a hypothesis of M. P. McNair that explains the patterns of change in retailing.It is new types of retailers who cut prices by lowering or eliminating customer services, once established, the retailer increases prices and customer services. During this process the retailer becomes vulnerable to the next low priced retailer. Types of Wholesalers The U. S. Bureau of the Census defines wholesalers as: The activities of those persons or establishment s which sell to retailers and other merchants, and or to industrial, institutional, and commercial users, but who do not sell in large amounts to final consumers.It is important for marketing managers to understand the role of the wholesaler. There are ten types of wholesalers. The merchant wholesaler owns the products he or she is selling. The general merchandise wholesalers are service wholesalers who carry a variety of non perishable items, such as hardware, cosmetics, furniture, and apparel. The single line wholesalers are also service wholesalers who carry a smaller line of merchandise than the general wholesaler; this type of wholesaler may just carry one item in particular.The specialty wholesalers are a service wholesaler who carry a narrow range of products, but offers more service and information, such as Vitamin Cottage. The cash and carry wholesalers are the same as the service wholesalers except the customer must pay in cash. The drop shipper wholesaler own the products just like merchant sellers, however they do not handle stock or deliveries, and are mainly focused on selling, this type of wholesaler sells products in bulk and gets product orders from other wholesalers and business users.The Truck wholesaler specializes in delivering products he or she stocks in their own trucks, an example of this type of wholesaler would be Mountain Man Candy. The last three types of wholesalers are Mail order wholesalers, Producers’ Cooperatives, and Rack jobbers (2010). Land O Lakes would be considered a producer’s cooperatives. A producer’s cooperative are wholesalers who operate almost as full service wholesalers, however the profits go to the cooperatives customer members (2010). ConclusionIn conclusion, over the past several years business models and strategies have become more advanced. Distribution is important to any organization, to understand how and when the product will get to the consumer. Efficiency is the key. When deciding how to distribute the product to the end user, the marketing manager has to take all aspects of the distribution process into consideration, as well as what the consumer wants. After all, the customer is the one to please, if you want the product to sell.

Public Bank Corporate Profile Essay

Conceptualised as ‘a bank for the public’ by its Founder and Chairman, Tan Sri Dato’ Sri Dr. Teh Hong Piow, Public Bank commenced business on 6 August 1966, and was listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) on 6 April 1967. To-date, the Public Bank Group has grown into a premier banking group in Malaysia, with overseas market presence in Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Hong Kong, China and Sri Lanka. As a leading financial services provider in Malaysia, the Public Bank Group offers a comprehensive range of financial products and services covering, amongst others, personal banking, commercial banking, Islamic banking, investment banking, share broking, trustee services, nominee services, sales and management of unit trust funds, bancassurance and general insurance products. With a total of 377 branches and employing over 17,600 people, the Public Bank Group caters to the financial needs of over eight million customers in Malaysia and in other countries in which the Group operates. With total assets of RM274.62 billion as at the end of 2012, the Public Bank Group is the third largest banking group in Malaysia and ranked number six by asset size in Southeast Asia. Public Bank is the largest non-government-linked corporation in Malaysia with a market capitalisation of RM57.52 billion as at the end of 2012. With its unbroken track record of strong and consistent profitability in the last 46 years, the Public Bank Group has demonstrated its strong and consistent ability to execute and meet its key performance indicators and brand promise to its customers. The PB Brand has been built based on integrity, honesty and excellent service delivery. These are complemented by accountability, excellent corporate governance, strong corporate culture, prudent management and competitive products and services. Focused and Consistent Growth Strategy The Public Bank Group adopts a focused and consistent growth strategy, which is to pursue organic growth in the retail banking business focusing on retail consumers and small- and medium-sized enterprises (â€Å"SMEs†), and strives to further increase its leadership in this broad-based retail banking market. Growth in the retail banking business is consistently focused on retail lending, deposit-taking and fee-based businesses. To drive business growth and increase its market share in retail banking, the Public Bank Group leverages on its well-established customer service infrastructure and processes and practices to deliver prompt and consistent service to meet the needs of its customers. Core Business Growth In the retail lending business, the Public Bank Group remains focused on growing its loans in residential mortgages, passenger vehicle financing and lending to SMEs. In an intensely competitive market where loan products are highly commoditised, the Group actively competes in the market for business growth and increased market share by differentiating itself through its highly efficient customer service delivery standards. As at the end of 2012, Public Bank maintained its leading position in residential mortgages, passenger vehicle financing and commercial property financing in Malaysia, with market shares of 19.1%, 26.4% and 33.7% respectively. Over the years, the Public Bank Group has been building a strong franchise in the deposit-taking business. Customer deposits have been growing steadily both in terms of the deposit customer base and the amount of deposits placed with the Group. As at the end of 2012, total deposits from customers of Public Bank in Malaysia recorded a growth rate of 13.0%, which is above the domestic banking industry’s growth rate of 8.4%. This reflects the high level of confidence that customers place in Public Bank to safeguard their funds. Public Islamic Bank, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Public Bank, started its full-fledged Islamic banking business in 2008. It will continue to focus on Islamic consumer financing and retail commercial lending to SMEs. The Public Bank Group continues to intensify its effort to grow fee-based businesses through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Public Mutual, which contributes a significant proportion of the non-interest income of the Group. Public Mutual has remained a dominant player in the private sector fund management industry in Malaysia with a leading market share of 40.8% as at the end of 2012 due to its superior fund performance, strong distribution capabilities and strong brand. Multiple Delivery Channels The Public Bank Group has a large and well distributed branch network of 255 branches in Malaysia to better service its large customer base of individuals and business enterprises. The Group further expanded its wide network of self service machines to 522 Automated Teller Machines, 532 Cheque Deposit Machines, 405 Cash Deposit Terminals and 186 Cash Recycling Machines for greater customer convenience. The Group has also expanded its internet banking and mobile banking service capabilities for greater access by customers to its banking services. The Group will continue to tap on its large sales and marketing force and strategic alliance with key partners to deliver high value products and services to its customers. Regional Player Today, the Public Bank Group’s overseas operations comprise 122 branches, with 83 branches in Hong Kong, 3 branches in China, 24 branches in Cambodia, 7 branches in Vietnam, 4 branches in Laos, a branch in Sri Lanka and 3 representative offices in Shanghai, Shenyang and Taipei. Strong Financial Ratings The Public Bank Group continues to be accorded strong credit and financial ratings for its consistent record of prudent management, strong risk management, excellent corporate governance, strong and consistent financial performance, superior asset quality and healthy capitalisation. Standard & Poor’s reaffirmed Public Bank’s A- long-term rating and A-2 short-term counterparty credit rating with stable outlook. Moody’s Investor Service reaffirmed Public Bank’s long-term deposit rating of A3 and revised its short-term deposit rating to P-2 based on Moody’s new Consolidated Global Bank Rating Methodology, with stable outlook. Rating Agency Malaysia reaffirmed the Bank’s long-term rating of AAA, the highest rating accorded by Rating Agency Malaysia, and its short-term rating of P1. Awards and Accolades The Public Bank Group continues to earn recognition and trust for its strong and sustained financial performance and prudent management. In 2012, Public Bank was honoured with 36 awards, including many best bank awards and excellence in corporate governance by national and international publications. These were in recognition of the Public Bank Group’s sustainable financial performance and excellence in the key areas expected of a banking institution by its stakeholders. Public Bank’s Founder and Chairman, Tan Sri Dato’ Sri Dr. Teh Hong Piow, continues to be honoured with awards of excellence for his sterling leadership and extraordinary achievements, as well as enormous contributions to the Public Bank Group and to the banking industry in Malaysia and in the region. Corporate Social Responsibility As a responsible corporate citizen, the Public Bank Group remains committed to uphold its corporate social responsibility (â€Å"CSR†) in the areas of nation building, development of the market place and enrichment of the work place. The Group supports the community through programmes such as education, graduate employment, professional development and environmental conservation as well as in support of the underprivileged. The Public Bank Group’s CSR at the work place includes initiatives to enhance the core competencies of the staff, so as to further raise their contribution, productivity and efficiency. The Group believes that in fulfilling its corporate social responsibilities, the Group also enhances its corporate image, reputation, goodwill and brand value. Our Commitment In spite of its success, the Public Bank Group will never rest on its laurels. Given the increasingly challenging economic environment, the Group will continue to strive harder to deliver value to its stakeholders. To its customers, the Group will continue to provide competitive financial products and services to meet increasingly sophisticated customer demand. To its shareholders and investors, the Group will continue to enhance shareholder value with its strong financial performance. To its staff, the Group will continue to invest in human capital development initiatives to enhance core competencies and productivity.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Plenteous Stem Cells Applied to the Held of Regenerative Medicine Imagine having the opportunity to travel back in time with the power to alter the outcome of the future. As pleasing as this may sound, such occurrences just do not seem realistic or even possible in today's world. Although, if we take a step back and look into time travel on a smaller scale, at the cellular level, it is indeed possible to revert to an earlier stage of life.Specifically focusing on terminally differentiated anatomic cells, scientists are now able to induce plenipotentiary thanks to the findings from Sir John B. Gordon, and Shinny Yamaha. Findings from Cordon's paper inform us that all cells in an organism contain the same genetic Information. The difference in gene expression leads to one cell type over another. This Implies that somatic cells should have the ability to give rise to a variety of cell types under the appropriate conditions because all of the cells have the same DNA content.Findi ngs from Handyman's paper tell us that the factors responsible from the maintenance of allurements in early embryos and embryonic stem cells also are responsible for inducing plenipotentiary in somatic cells. The factors from Handyman's discovery are COT-3/4, KILL, SOX, and c-NYC; these four transcription factors work together to effectively induce plenipotentiary and have greatly advanced the technological applications of genetic reprogramming. The field of regenerative medicine has especially benefited from the genetic reprogramming advances.One of the main goals of regenerative medicine is to restore structures of damaged tissues as well as to restore functions of damaged organs . A major application for regenerative medicine Is In the field of cardiovascular medicine. The use of regenerative medicine for cardiovascular disease treatment Is appealing because It Is much less Invasive that transplantation and open-heart surgery. In order to determine which combination transcription factors are able to create normal cell fates from the damaged cardiac tissue, induced plenteous stem cells are an intricate part of the drug screening technique often used.The drugs capable of inducing plenipotentiary and repairing the damaged tissue have the potential to treat cardiovascular disease n human patients. Alternative options for repairing damaged tissue include transplantation of new organs from donors. Cardiovascular diseases continue to account for the leading cause of death in American. Due to the high frequency of deaths caused by heart malfunctions in society, researchers are constantly trying to discover new ways for treatment and prevention.Despite the alternative methods used to treat cardiovascular diseases, the use of Induced plenteous stem cells for regenerative medicine Is overall beneficial to the field of cardiovascular medicine cause It Is a less Invasive option that can effectively restore wounded cardiac tissue by replacing cardiologists and reducing o ccurrences of fibrosis (Upon, 2011). Cardiovascular repair than other options, such as transplanting an entire heart. Before regenerative medicine had the clinical potential it currently possesses, scientists first needed to have a comprehensive understanding of the heart and its development processes.Muscle tissue in the heart is referred to as cardiac muscle. One cell type that encompasses cardiac muscle is the cardiology. Each mature dull cardiology only contains a single, unique nucleus and expresses cardiac transcriptions factors, which allows for their calcium ion handling and contractile properties (Upon, 2011). Normally, these adult cardiologists cannot regenerate once damaged (Upon). This leads to the malfunction or loss of function within the heart, causing many of the heart conditions prevalent in society.Studies show that induced plenteous stem cells can differentiate into the three electroencephalographic phenotypes of cardiologists: nodal, trial, and ventricular (Upon, 2011). In a injunction human heart, nodal cardiologists are found at the bottom, trial cardiologists pump blood in, and ventricular cardiologists pump blood out to the lungs and the rest of the body. Each phenotype shows that suppositories can successfully increase the rate of contraction while ceremonially can decrease the rate of contraction (Upon).Ellen Peon's review paper explains that the function of cardiologists in the heart is to perform the contraction for blood flow. More importantly, it explains that the presence of specific chemicals, suppositories and ceremonially, effects the speed of contraction. Peon's findings about the specifics of heart contractions are extremely beneficial information in terms of regenerative medicine applied to cardiovascular diseases because a heart that is uncontrollably pumping too fast or too slow has the potential to be regulated simply by adding either suppositories or ceremonially concentrations to the environment.Both chemicals could be studied further to determine if a drug design involving the two is reasonable for treatment. Even though using induced plenteous stem cells to generate heart tissue is less invasive, there are drawbacks to be looked onto further by researchers. In the review paper, Upon notes that cardiology's derived from induced plenteous cells are immature functionally and structurally. This is problematic because at immature stages, the electrical properties of the cardiologists are similar to that of those of heart failure.It was also observed the the derived cardiologists were about ten times smaller than the normal adult cardiologists. Most importantly, the safety and practical worth of the induced cardiology's is unknown because there is not a lot of information about the amphibology of these cells. Downsides noted in Samurai's paper include the large-scale preparation that goes into creating these induced cardiologists and the elimination of undifferentiated induced plenteous stem cells fr om generating the cardiology's.With all that being said, there is promising potential for using regenerative medicine as a less invasive means to treat cardiovascular diseases. An alternate method used to bypass these downfalls is the cell-sheet technique. This technique involves harvesting a sheet of undamaged cells and transplanting them directly on top of the injured organ. The idea is that the undamaged cells will essentially promote recovery of the organ's wounded cells. Kumara and others illustrate the efficacy of induced plenteous stem cell derived cardiology sheets. Improve cardiac function (Kumara, 2011).Chemic cardiopulmonary is when there is a lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle tissue, causing measurable deterioration of it function. Sheets of cardiologists capable of restoring tissue after being deteriorated is a feasible option for treating chemic cardiopulmonary. However, this is still invasive for the patient and tissue is still be removed from one action and t ransplanted to another. Inducing regenerative cardiologists is still a much less invasive option to restore cardiac tissue. As previously mentioned, there is not a lot of regenerative potential for heart tissue once it has been wounded.One of the reasons for this is due to the activation of cardiac fibroblasts (Song 2012). A cardiac fibroblast is a particular heart cell type that is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of connective tissues. Activation of these fibroblasts leads to cardiac fibrosis (Song, 2012), which is simply the formation of excess connective issue in the hearth. It is the fibrosis that interferes with regeneration of cardiac cells causing a number of problems like the loss of contractile function and the increased susceptibility to arrhythmias (Song, 2012).But because most of the cells of the heart are in fact cardiac fibroblasts, they are a potential regenerative medicinal source of cardiac function restoration. One major success of regenerative medicine as it relates to cardiovascular medicine is the repair of heart tissue by reprogramming non- mystery with cardiac transcription factors performed by Kuhn Song along with there researchers. Song's paper shows that GATE, Hand, MFC, and TPTB are able to reprogram mouse cardiac fibroblasts into contracting cardiac-like mystery in vitro and in vivo.The discovery of these essential cardiac inducing factors can act as the platform for answering more fundamental research questions in the future. Data from Songs research illustrate that the expression of these four transcription factors enhances cardiac function while decreeing adverse ventricular remodeling following infarction. Findings from this study shows that the efficiency of reprogramming to induced cardiac-like mystery using GATE, Hand, MFC, and TPTB is comparable to the reprogramming of induced plenteous stem cells by the Yamaha factors (Song).The method of retrovirus transduction was used to incorporate the transcription factors into the genome of the non-moseyed in order to bring the cells back to a plenteous state. Although viral and retrovirus transduction is a convenient method to incorporate new DNA sequences, there are drawbacks that may be adversely effecting outcomes of the induced plenteous cells. There are a couple of key disadvantages using viruses and vectors to incorporate DNA into a host's genome. One disadvantage is the genomic integration that occurs with retrovirus vectors.Genomic integration involves inserting DNA sequences directly into the host's cells DNA. The problem is that vectors integrate near the starting point of transcription causing either enhance transcription more than normal or this can disrupt transcriptions. The results from both outcomes are altered expression due to the technique used rather than the genetic information present. The likelihood of residual transgender expression is another disadvantage to using vectors as a means of incorporating new DNA sequence s.Residual transgender expression is when genetic material from one organism remains after it is transferred leading to the protein synthesis with the contents of the lingering DNA. Residual transgender expressions, research has been done to find alternative methods that are as practical in a clinical setting. A successful alternative to retrovirus transduction involves virus-free integration methods. In relation to cardiovascular medicinal applications, cardiologists have been successfully derived from virus- free induced plenteous cells.Shish Meta and others demonstrate that virus-free induced plenteous stem cells are able to differentiate into cardiologists with the characteristic cardiac-specific properties. The induced cardiologists showed think and thin filaments of muscle proteins, as expected to be seen normal adult cardiologists (Meta, 2011). Additionally, the induced cardiologists expressed calcium ion handling and ion channel proteins, which further confirms the heart tis sue development. Overall, the virus-free methods are preferred over retrovirus vector methods in clinical settings because the outcomes have less harmful potential in vivo.Despite some of the critical downfalls discussed, it is clear that the use of induced plenteous stem cells for regenerative medicine is ultimately useful to the field of cardiovascular medicine because it is a less invasive option that effectively restores wounded cardiac tissue by inducing cardiologists and reducing occurrences of fibrosis (Upon, 2012). Peon's paper shows that in the presence of suppositories and ceremonially, cardiologists contraction rates are affected. Drug designers working to create heart-regulatory drugs to control abnormalities in retreats now have more information to work with.Additionally, researchers are able to use this information as a platform for additional research to understand how to control irregularities in cardiology contractions. The use of regenerative medicine for cardiovas cular disease treatments is an emerging technological strategy that holds great potential for the future of human health.

Magizines articals from March 1945 to Jan 1946 before and after Essay

Magizines articals from March 1945 to Jan 1946 before and after Additudes towards the war and Japan - Essay Example Some would even say there was a moral collapse.(Brigance, 1945). â€Å"Get no divorce, break no engagement until after the period of numbness wears off† (Brigance, 1945). Prior to the War men were the bread winners, no on e coddled them for sure. They ran the farms with their wives at their sides and they were responsible for feeding and clothing their children. Women ran the homes and managed the children while Dad worked. Suddenly the War is over and men have come home unable or unwilling to work and women have had their first taste of supporting themselves. The average wife, child, parent, and neighbor did not understand, how could they understand what happened on those beaches? Prior to the war, there were many Japanese citizens in the United States. In fact, many of the farms and ranches, as well as businesses in California and New York were owned and run by them. Just before the war, a hate was built up against the Japanese and Germans. This hate only increased during the war. When a public learns to hate and then the object of their hate is gone (the war ends), often their hate is transferred to another object. In the case of the United States, it was transferred to the Blackman (then called Negro). There were more lynchings in the South in the United States than ever before. The second group of people that received that hate were the Jews. We did not like Hitler’s method of treating them but we saw them as always taking away American money because they were so cheap and able to manipulate American markets. Thirdly, there were Catholics and Protestants to hate. We should get rid of them too and while we were at it there was England (we never did learn to like them) and Russians. The Russians who were just our allies would become a major target of this hate. (Brigance, 1945). Along with all of that hate, there was a recklessness that had not been seen before in this country. During the war,

Internet will misleading children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internet will misleading children - Essay Example Hence, this paper will center on pornographic issues with the intention of knowing how children can access such pornographic information as well as how it affects them. It must be mentioned that most parents do not know when their children or wards have the access to the internet. This makes it to be rather more risky. The influx of smartphones to the market helped in the acceleration of children’s desire to view and read what was posted in the internet. At least, they do not need large computers or laptops to view and illicit materials. Their smartphones in the hands is an enough access to the internet world. It should be known that there are two major contents or materials which children always look for in the internet; written materials, pictures, and YouTube materials. YouTube refers to internet contents that are videoed. With the social media, instant messages become something that will always appeal to children. Children visiting the social media sites like facebook, Black Berry Messenger (BBM), tweeter, and some other social media are always vulnerable especially when they have friends with bad influence. Since the purpose of the social media is to relate and communicate with each other using the social media network, some sexual predators use it as a means to lure vulnerable children to sexual fantasies. The sexual predators do this using text messages, pictures, and the YouTube. They sent erotic instant messages to small children with the aim of arousing them sexually. This includes the use of profane and romantic words in the messaging. Children who are more vulnerable always fall prey to this kind of message by being sexually aroused. In the social media network, communications are also possible through pictures and YouTube. Children visiting the social media network always fall into the various url, pictures, and YouTube video, which they can enjoy for ours at the ignorance of

Effects of Video Games on Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effects of Video Games on Children - Essay Example However, video games have some negative impacts on the lives of children. They consume much time leaving the children with less time to improve their social skills through interaction with people. According to studies conducted on the impacts of video games on the minds of children, video games enhance the critical thinking of children. In any video game children are forced to think fast as according to the rules of the game. They usually make decisions based on the rules of the game. Children demonstrate creativity when given many problems to solve, in which they are required to solve quickly. Children ought to try different solutions to different problems posed in the game in order to win the game. Throughout most video games, thinking fast, solving problems and trying different solutions to problems are noted as the key activities that enhance creativity in children. Also, those children who pay attention to the events conducted in a game acquire creativity skills that they usually apply in their real lives (Ott and Pozzi, 2012). Video games increase the literacy levels of children at an early age, in that, children apply logic, planning and management of resources, some key features common in literate adults. In games, the children ought to decide whether an action is right or wrong, before solving the problem posed by characters in the game. In shooting games, children’s ability to coordinate between the movement of fingers and the visual sense is greatly enhanced. In these games, children ought to locate the position of their enemies in order for them to protect themselves from being attacked. Therefore, those playing the game ought to be attentive and react very fast if the enemy attempts to attack. The player ought to manage the available resources, decide on how to use them and when to use them, a course for learning adults in real life. The children who are

The Psychology of Victims and Punishment of Offenders Term Paper

The Psychology of Victims and Punishment of Offenders - Term Paper Example Therefore, it transpires that the person undergoing a trial needs to be in a competent state of mind for standing trial and this covenant should form the basis of criminal jurisprudence. The Sixth Amendment confer on defendants the right to seek counsel to assess their competency and in major cases, the defense also includes mitigation specialists, who have â€Å"the ability to elicit sensitive, embarrassing and often humiliating evidence (example: family sexual abuse) that defendant may never have disclosed† (ABA Guidelines, 2003, p.959). Thus, before making a final conclusion about the competency of Edward Wilson, to stand trial, I would like to get a clarification of the following aspects: (a) Did Edward Wilson have any traumatic experience when he was a child and if he did, what was it? (b) Has there been any such instance in Edward’s behavior before the age of 17 and if so, what treatment the parents have offered him? (c) Was he born with a deficiency in IQ and has it been registered throughout his developmental stages? If so, what are the measures his parents have taken to remedy the issue? Has he been provided any special education? (d) At the age of 17 did he not take proper medication, which aggravated his condition and later he become schizophrenic. It looks like his parents have not taken adequate care in attending to his medication, due to which his condition worsened. Also, there is no indication that his paranoia has been properly treated by seeking expert advice. Therefore, I would request more information on this aspect to investigate the case completely. (e) How did his parents treat him before he suffered from paranoia and what changes were there after his disease surfaced? Has Wilson received adequate support from his family during the illness phase? (f) Had there been some serious problems other than usual sibling rivalry between him and his younger sister? (g) Which school and college did he go to? How was his behavior there a nd how did the people there treat him? (h) Who were his friends and how did he behave with them? How was his relation with his neighbors and peers? II. In order to evaluate the case in its full perspective and determine his fitness or otherwise to stand trial, I would like to interview more people for collateral contact about him: (a) The subject’s younger sister is his only living kin and the only person who is close enough to throw light into the back history of the family as well as their mutual relationship. (b) He makes association with the ‘lost rock of creation’ which seems to have a religious connotation. He sends a rock, with five animal faces carved into it, to the mayor, who was in the CIA. I believe the aspect of his attacking his younger sibling within the pretext remains to be explored fully. These aspects need to be determined to count or discount before he is sent to a full trial. (c) Besides, he makes reference to his father being a KGB agent and his mother a witch. I would like to interview all the psychologists or psychiatrists who were involved with his case or who treated him so far to understand his case and make proper evaluation. (d) I would like to meet Wilson’s defense counsel and ascertain from all the information he or she has about his client. (e) Besides, I would also like to interview the following people: 1. The principals and teachers of all the schools he has attended during his childhood into his adolescence. 2. The friends Wilson had during his

Historical Development of Modern Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historical Development of Modern Nursing - Essay Example This means that they have the right to actively participate and collaborate with the healthcare provider. In order to achieve a maximum level of wellness, a nurse should be mindful of the consumer’s rights for the need for care. The environment, being a major determinant, ranges from the individual’s home to hospital agencies and the society. An individual’s environment is very important in determining one's health. Environmental factors can be psychological, spiritual, legal, political, and economical, among others. Other temporal aspects that may determine individual’s health are the family, community, the general health care system and the individuals themselves. An individual’s genetic characteristics and life experiences determine the health factors. A philosophy has to understand that an individual’s life is a continuum which extends from a high level of wellness to cessation. Individuals have adaptive and recuperative abilities which d etermine the extent of altering ones health status depending on the movement of the individual on the continuum, either towards the positive or the negative as a response to the health care system intervention. Wellness is a dynamic state of physical, psychological, spiritual and social well being. ... This is because people performed it as a compassionate wish of helping others without the recognition of it as nursing. Mainly, it naturally belonged to women as a nurturing job, with an expectation of looking after the sick, the young and the elderly. At this age, there was no training in regards to care giving. In the majority of cases, it was based on experience and observation. They believed that illness came as a result of invasion by evil spirits to individual’s body. Using magic, charms, hypnosis among others, people believed that medicine men and witchdoctors had power over the evil. The final option to send away evil spirits from a person involved trephining where a hole was drilled into the individual’s skull without anesthesia. Middle Aged Nursing During this period, crusaders, prisoners and religious orders provided care. There was no formal education or people under the direction of experienced nursing or any job training. Religious orders from Christian ch urches had basic nursing experience and provided guidance and direction. At this period, there was Protestantism with followers confiscating hospital and school properties connected to Roman Catholicism. This made nursing go to the lowest level, with nurses fleeing for their lives. This created a shortage of nurses and many hospitals closed, leading to no provision for the sick and no care at all. This rendered nursing the work of less enviable women, drunks, prostitutes and prisoners. Because of the situation, cleric Theodore Fliedner and Frederika, his wife, set up the Kaiserswerth institution to train Deaconesses, which was the first formal training school for nurses in Germany. At this school, Florence Nightingale

Case Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Case Problem - Essay Example In this essay, the aim is to argue that in the case of Isabella vs. Cato, the former can successfully, enforce the latter’s promise. The background of this case is that Cato promised Isabella $40,000 upon enrolment and subsequent graduation from college to which the latter successfully does. Upon demand of the honoring of the promise, Cato cites lack of contract and enforceability. In this case, Cato cannot denounce the contract because Isabella has honored her part. According to US constitution, â€Å"If an oral contract that cannot be fulfilled within one year has been fully performed, the contract is fully enforceable (regardless of how long performance actually took)† (National Paralegal College, p.12) Had Isabella failed to enroll or fail to graduate from the college, Cato would have legal grounds to overlook the contracts. If one party fails to honor their part of bargain there has to be a case (National Paralegal College, p.12). In other words, if Isabella despite failure to graduate still demanded the $40000 promise, Cato would not pay. Conversely, now that she graduated, Cato has to honor the promise. Worth noting is the fact that a contract does not necessarily need to be in a written form to become enforceable. Nevertheless, it is vitally important to understand that in United States, some contracts have to be in form of writing. As for the Cato –Isabella case, this is not one of the cases requiring such

Enterprise Software Architecture Design The Project Proposal, Essay

Enterprise Software Architecture Design The Project Proposal, Requirements and Architectural Model(s) - Essay Example This research aims to evaluate and present an enterprise architecture design as an enterprise structural description that comprises of enterprise components, for instance business entities, external visible properties of the components and the relationship between the components. Basically, enterprise architecture describes the enterprise components, composition and terminologies and their relationship with external environment. Furthermore, it also describes analysis guiding principles, evolution of the enterprise and design. Enterprise architectural design is a comprehensive description of an enterprise goals, roles, business process, organizational behavior, organizational structure, computer system, software applications and business information. On the other hand, enterprise software is enterprise application software mostly used in organizations, for instance, government or business. It is an information system integral part. This is a project proposal paper on enterprise softw are architecture design. It highlights issues of setting up a project design, risk analysis and describes the formal techniques that will be used in the proposal. It also highlights architectural views and models. Main of the project proposal is to offer technical background information of the workings in management of systems in buildings and enhance understanding of capstone projects. The main problem area in this study is ventilation system or air conditioning. It highlights on the choice of cost effective and efficient architecture for ventilation system or air conditioning.... Each research objective therefore used varying fractions of each form of data (Babbie and Benaquisto 2009). The research method chosen for this study was Focus Group Discussions. It was the most appropriate method since the study is primarily qualitative on the choice of cost effective and efficient ventilation system or air conditioning. The FGD was composed of ten architectural specialists who discussed the topic at hand in detail (Babbie and Benaquisto 2009). The study adopted a qualitative approach, as technical matters can be evaluated using data which is practical, and one that has been tested. Therefore a qualitative approach is best suited to meeting the research objectives, as it aims at gathering, analyzing and measuring data from a large sample to test the relation between different variables. Primary data was collected by questionnaires, which included structured and unstructured questions, one on one discussion with the experts, and interviews, which were used to collect data immediately. Secondary data was collected through a review of published and unpublished materials, such as articles, government policy papers, and books (Babbie and Benaquisto 2009). Limitations of the study Validity determines whether the research study actually measures what it is supposed to measure or not. That is, whether the interpretation of the data is valid or not. This can be done by comparing the data collection methods with those of previous studies, and by carrying out a preliminary investigation to find out which methods of data collection are likely to be most effective within the context of the study (Tight et al 2006). The purpose of reliability analysis is to determine whether data are trustworthy or not.

Reserch paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reserch paper - Essay Example Obesity rates have doubled in the past two decades. There are several health risks that are associated with obesity such as hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of obesity in the US and in other countries can be attributed to the unhealthy eating habits of the generation today. People today are faced with two options, eat healthy or eat junk. The choice to eat healthy or junk starts from having to know what exactly is healthy food and what is junk food. Health and nutrition experts say that junk food is bad and healthy food is good. For non-nutritionists, junk foods are chips, processed foods, hamburgers, pizzas, French fries, doughnuts, sodas and candies (Unp.me). These are food that are very high in calories and loaded with unwanted fat (Unp.me). On the other hand, healthy foods are fruits, vegetables, and lean meat (Unp.me). So, how does one know the difference? The major difference between junk food and healthy food is the nutrient content. Junk food is referred to as â€Å"foods of minimal nutritional value† because they go through several processes, with high sugar, sodium and artificical additives content. Because of too much processing, which includes excessive heat and exposure to air, the food nutrients are lost. There are approximately 4000 artificial additives that may be found in different types of junk food. Additives may be artificial sweeteners and colors, preservatives and chemically-altered fake fats. Some of these additives have side effects while others are not yet fully-tested. Unlike healthy food, junk food does not help build one’s stamina. Junk food may give one the feeling of instant energy but in reality, an overdose of junk food results in a deficiency in energy (Unp.me). Eating junk food is disadvantageous to an individual because it leads to poor concentration unlike healthy food, which sharpens one’s concentration skills (Unp.me). A high cholesterol level is an end result of consum ing too much junk food. On the contrary, healthy food helps maintain the blood cholesterol level (Unp.me). Compared to healthy food, junk food is usually cheaper than healthy food. The reason behind this is because junk food is mass-produced, has a lot of preservatives & it can be stored for a longer period of time. Furthermore, the ingredients used in junk food may come from low quality food sources which are cheap. Healthy food is nutrient-rich and helps in preventing diseases. It should have a high fiber content, minimal added sugars, zero or low in saturated and trans fat and low in sodium. Pasta or bread, to be considered healthy should be composed of whole grain instead of refined wheat flour. When it comes to sugar in food, sugar in fresh fruit is always a better alternative than refined sugar or artificial sweeteners. Healthy food should be low in sodium; thus, eating canned or packaged food such as deli meats, soups, hotdogs and chips is equivalent to eating junk food. With regards to fat, healthy food should contain monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats that one can get from nuts, seeds and some fruits such as avocado. One category of healthy foods is organic food. Organic fruits and vegetables are those that did not use synthetic pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers, and did not originate from other genetically modified seeds. These types of food are considered healthy food because less chemicals go into it; thus, less chemicals will also be absorbed by the body. Organic foods are therefore regarded as

Studies on Photosynthesis Using the Hill Reaction Report Lab

Studies on Photosynthesis Using the Hill Reaction - Lab Report Example The primary ‘light reaction’ stage requires light and involves the excitation of electrons of the chlorophyll. These electrons then proceed along a series of electron carriers embedded in the thylakoid of the chloroplast resulting in synthesis of ATP in the stroma and the reduction of NADP. The dark reactions of photosynthesis do not directly require light involve the use of ATP and NADPH formed during the light reaction (figure 1) (Berg et al., 553). Hill reaction named after its discoverer Robert Hill (1937) involves the photoreduction of an electron acceptor by the hydrogen atoms of water, along with evolution of oxygen. In laboratory, Hill reaction is demonstrated when isolated and illuminated ‘chloroplasts’ reduce an electron acceptor present with it, and release molecular oxygen: The electron acceptors used in laboratory conditions are not the natural electron acceptors or NADP but instead are artificial electron acceptors (Walker, 109). These artificial electron acceptors intercept the electrons before they reach PS1700. Further they are generally dyes that change color when reduced e.g. DCIP (2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol). Thus Hill reaction can be written as: Thus using the above equation, rate of Hill reaction in isolated protoplasts can be experimentally estimated. The change in absorbance of the dye at 600nm measured under varied conditions of experiment gives the rate of Hill reaction occurring under the preselected set of conditions. Several of the detergents are also known to be inhibitors of photosynthesis such as DCMU [3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea], DNP [dinitrophenol] and triton-X etc. Chloroplast was extracted from deveined, washed and blot dried fresh baby spinach leaves. The standard fractionation protocol for extraction of chloroplasts was followed. 50g spinach leaves were homogenized in a pre-chilled blender jar along with buffered isotonic salt solution and antioxidant solution. The homogenate was

Napolean and Stonewall Jackson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Napolean and Stonewall Jackson - Essay Example Napoleon’s Influence on War Strategies Until Napoleon, the act of war was there were either the state rulers or the trusted warriors who were regarded as responsible of the entire affair. However, Napoleon and Fredrick II had introduced a new concept of ‘warrior-king’ who can apply diplomatic as well as military power for his own aims â€Å"†¦and thus could more directly tailor military actions to strategic aims--and more thoroughly conclude peace following decisive military events†2. The warfare was in evolution even in the age of Napoleon. He had cleverly noticed the problems of sustenance and movement of armies in the battlefield and he took advantage of it. He had increased the mobility of the armies and had applied his creative tactics in the art of warfare, especially in the quick formation of army combinations. His creativity and insight into the affairs of War tactics had won him great victories. Critics believe that Napoleon’s victory l ies mainly to his ability in synthesizing and exploiting the developments made by others. He did not rely on personal novelties; rather he tried to gain concepts from the war tactics applied by others. This approach ended the earlier â€Å"force employment, as opposed to weapons technology or logistical means†3. â€Å"Napoleon was about action; he did not share Jomini’s focus on principles†.4 To him, war was what is done in the battlefield, not in books. Though napoleon had not proposed a definite theory of War as his main concern was application of tactics, Jomini and Clausewitz have interpreted his actions and strategic aims to lay a basis for modern art and science of war. They had studied the operational circumstances and strategies applied by napoleon and they had added the active factors in the theory and art of war operations: pivotal points, main focus, climax, etc. Operational Arts â€Å"Operational arts† is a modern concept that deals with the c onception and execution of military operations through the direction of military forces for particular strategic intentions. The whole operation involves the combining of the forces and allocating of the assets to planned units. Thus, it forms a bridge between strategy and tactics by building an association between the aims of war and the actual fight in it, and seeks to attain a level between these. Napoleonic Impact on Operational Arts Many critics believe that the origin of the concept of operational arts lie back to eighteenth century with the theorists belonging to â€Å"the Soviet inter-war†. However until recently, this term referred to only a combination of activities performed in the battlefield, such as: defining the routes of attack, scavenging and stocking, and barriers along with the growth of overall mans, unceasing processes athwart manifold battles of war, and the distribution of power among dogmatic and armed leaders. Later, Napoleonic wars as well as the ind ustrial revolution developed them into a true set of operations. Napoleonic wars introduced large groups of inspired men-of-war while the other had provided with the sources for army’

Business Models and Planning Chapter Questions Assignment - 5

Business Models and Planning Chapter Questions - Assignment Example The leading indicators consist of measures of economic activities where shifts attempt predicting onset of a cycle. This group employs approximately 10 distinguishing indicators. They include orders made by consumers to the manufacturers, index performance of vendors, manufacturer’s orders for nondefense goods, building permits issued in a period, average working weeks, interest rates in treasury bonds, and average initial claims among others. b. Coincidental indicators- these constitute a collection of processes of business events that fluctuate in the business process. Hey /play an important role in shaping the business cycle as compared to the rest. Their movement is directly proportional to movement of the economy. Four categories are included in coincidental indicators. They include: the number of people employed in nonagricultural businesses, industrial production, individual incomes, and manufacturing and trade sales. c. Lagging indicators- Just as the name suggests, lagging indicators show the phases in the cycle after business events. Normally, they are visible after six to twelve months of a business event. Close to seven measures are used as lagging indicators in business. They include: consumer’s price indices, outstanding commercial or industrial debts, unit cost in manufacturing, ‘fractions of consumers’ credits, and mean durations of unemployment and ratio of inventories to sales. A business model in this context will describe the justification of how a business forms, delivers, and takes note of values in an economic setup. The models in this scenario are a way of the business attaining the aims and objectives. The business models become representations when they are used for a number of events in formal or non-formal setups. The models are used for representations of business strategies, infrastructure, trade events, and given operational processes To develop a full business model that develops to a

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business - Essay Example A Lack of Graduate Engineers in Britain In Britain, more students were getting involved in management studies and very few started opting engineering. This resulted in lesser engineers with a graduate degree which further halted the manufacturing industry. Over-Diversification Resulting in Short Production Runs The diversification of products led to a decline as there were more products but lesser machinery. Therefore the need to meet the demand of all the products led to short production runs for different products which resulted in a shortage. This greatly affected the machine tool industry of UK. A General Lack of Automation and Computer Application UK’s machine tool industry lacked in technology compared to other countries. The manufacturing process took more time and was dependent on work to be done manually. This also meant that there was not much use of computer applications which usually enhance the work. A Vicious Circle of Decline Resulting in a Lack of Investment Th e whole economy of UK was in decline which meant that investors were not willing to invest in businesses or the manufacturing firms. This meant that the traditional means of businesses could not be modified for benefits. Poor Marketing The manufacturing firms were not able to market their products effectively which meant that the consumers were not attracted to the products. The ads which were used were part of mass marketing and no segments had been made. This limited the understanding of individuals or a group of consumers which made marketing much more difficult for the firms in terms of consumer attraction. Low-Volume Production at High Cost The firms produced lesser products and the cost that was associated was high. This resulted in the bankruptcy of the firms and they were not able to cope with the requirements of their manufacturing process. This further limited their efforts and thus resulted in a decline of machine tool industry. Answer 1b The factors resulted in a massive decline for the UK machine tool industry as the general decline meant that it was happening in the whole of Britain. This meant that there were very little chances for a particular industry to prosper. The threat from Japan and Germany meant that more investments were needed to compete as people were finding their products more convenient and reliable compared to UKs. The lack of graduate engineers meant that the existing technology could not be developed as much as when it could have been with more engineers. The over-diversification of products meant that time had to be given to the manufacturing of all different products which limited the time given to the manufacturing of a particular product. The lack of automation meant that more work was done manually which took time compared to work done using machines. The lacking of the use of computer applications also meant that the industries were not advancing with technology like the other nations. The decline in the economy resulted in the lack of investments, therefore, the companies had no quick more to modify and enhance their businesses. The poor marketing efforts did not attract consumers which increased imports as products of other countries were more attractive to local consumers. The production by these manufacturing firms was at high cost but in low quantity. This meant that industries had more expenses compared to

Teaching science to children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Teaching science to children - Essay Example The students were able to observe and experiment first-hand how many of these processes are undergone. The results of these experiments not only benefitted the knowledge of the students by allowing them to witness scientific phenomena, but it also allows us to grasp the best ways that students can be taught these methods. Science teaches an understanding of the world around us by stimulating a child’s prediction and analysis of natural phenomena. Teaching science involves conducting methods of Investigation to encourage creative thought and to demonstrate how science can have an immense impact on our future and to achieve advanced medical biotechnology, genetic engineering food production and safety, agricultural biotechnology, and treatment of environmental waste. Teaching science also aims to improve children’s verbal and writing skills to become more scientifically literate (N.A. 2009). Effective teaching style requires the adaptation of successful principles and methods by teachers that were used as an assistant for efficient delivery to take place. Prior to setting up teaching methods, the children’s background knowledge and environment should be considered. Teachers should be aware that students have different learning abilities, and as such different learning techniques should be used during lessons to match their different abilities. A lesson plan can then be designed. These plans state the specific learning goals of each lesson for teachers to follow in a form that can be carried out in several ways: whole class discussions, explaining, experimentation, demonstration, group work, and assessment of pupils’ work. It also helps learners to achieve deep understanding of the material and to become fascinated and keen to acquire more knowledge about scientific phenomena (Fredericks 2005). The science curriculum is a statement about the selected elements of science

Provide a structural explanation of the behavior of EITHER England, Essay

Provide a structural explanation of the behavior of EITHER England, France, Germany, Russia, or austria-hungry in 1914 - Essay Example Consequently, this study examines the structural behavior of German in 1914. During the period, German had a centralized well-organized system of governance guarded by a strong military combat. Studies indicate that in the 19th century Germany’s army was the world’s best. Under Bismarck authority, German had successfully challenged France in an earlier war and expanded its command to many states. Indeed, country’s command system was capable of accessing support from Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria. European powers had established considerable command in Africa and India and Germany considered checking the trend. With excellent organization and strong command, the country considered that it could constructively lobby its allies to fight a common enemy to expand its command. During the period, the prevailing situation highlighted that the force had an excellent potential of supporting a war. Extensive economic ties that included Germany and Britain as the prime protagonists characterized the period earlier to 1914. The country’s system spearheaded extensive industrial growth, superior ambitions, reputable military and terrifying conscription. The Germany observed an aggressive and expansionist oversee policies while the Britain adopted a hesitant approach. As indentified, Germany was experiencing rapid economic growth that proved to be in a position of supporting the war accordingly. Additionally, Germany had adopted an approach of annexing lands from inferior states that lead to accumulation of resources. Importantly, Germany’s potential in maintaining a war was evident in its strong military. In the 19th century, Germany expanded its armies and navies extensively doubling the size of its standing armies in the period of 1870 to 1914. The country’s aggressive naval expansion worried other powers that felt threatened

Carnival Cruise Lines Essay Example for Free

Carnival Cruise Lines Essay In the case of Kirby vs. Carnival, I hold Carnival Cruise Lines responsible for her injury. There are several reasons why, first the bartender is responsible for her overall consumptions of alcohol, there is a history of guests that have either fallen or jumped over board and finally there is the fact that carnival never took it upon themselves to call for air lift transportation to the nearest hospital. Bartenders at Carnival Cruise Lines rely on big tabs and tips to make their earnings. Since they need to build up their tabs, why not get an innocent guest just looking to have a good time – extremely intoxicated? I feel like the bartender encouraged the drinking by offering five-dollar certificates for the casino. The more she drank, the more free money for the casino she got. She was visibly drunk when she left the bar, the bartender should have asked a crewmember to escort her to her room and told her friend to keep an eye out for her as a simple standard of care. Carnival Cruise Line has a history of passengers falling off or jumping off their ships, about 30 incidents a year are reported. Some of those passengers have unfortunately passed away because of this. If Carnival Cruise Line knows this, then why don’t they go above and beyond for their own guest’s safety? They should have had more cameras, more detectors, and more employees that care enough about the passengers to not let them get so intoxicated. Finally, Carnival Cruise Line is negligent for not stopping immediately to rescue her. They left her in the middle of the sea for almost two hours. The longer you stay in the water, the worse your injuries get. When they finally get her back to ship, the independent contractor they hired as a doctor could not assist her since her injuries were of an emergency level. The only thing the doctor did was give her pain relief medicine, which of course will never work for these types of injuries. Also, Carnival Cruise Line should have air lifted her to the nearest capable medical facilities, even without her consent to pay. Carnival Cruise Line could have offered to pay for at least the air lifting services, it is the least they can do for her and her family after going through this entire trauma. In conclusion, I feel Carnival Cruise Line is guilty of standards of care and negligence on their part. They are the ones that in the industry, and should provide extreme safety procedures, especially after there is a history of passengers falling or jumping over board. Also the bartender is responsible for her overall consumptions of alcohol, particularly because Carnival Cruise Lines has total control of alcohol on their ships. They do not let guests bring their own alcohol; their consumption and alcohol intoxication solely rely on Carnival Cruise Lines to provide that for them. As a final point, Carnival Cruise Line never took it upon them to give her proper medical attention.

Legal Ethics Assignment Essay Example for Free

Legal Ethics Assignment Essay 1. Food and Drug Administration. This agency and proposed regulation interests me because since it is something that has become popular in the recent years and that it affects many people in the united states and in the world today. Yes, many people in the gaming industry smoke on a regular basics. It will not affect the business directly; just the workers in the industry. 2. The proposal is a consideration of applicable approval mechanisms and additional indications for nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs), and input on a report to Congress examining the regulation and development of innovative products and treatments for tobacco dependence. In more basic terms it is trying to get tobacco dependent treatments or mechanisms, such as electronic cigarettes, a chance to be officially approved by the FDA. 3. Six months after most people purchased e-cigarettes, 31% of these smokers said theyd quit cigarettes and two-thirds of them said theyd cut back on the number of cigarettes they smoked. A third of those whod quit smoking also quit using e-cigarettes. But E-cigarettes have not been tested for efficacy and safety. Additionally, they are produced overseas with little oversight to ensure good manufacturing practices. To regulate this product identified chemicals and quantities that is used in this product, release pros and cons for this product, and put a warning label on the product about the risk of addiction to nicotine. I wish to accomplish in my comment was to help the FDA is that there is pros in the use of E-cigarettes. Also, that the use of E-cigarettes is a lower and healthier risk then the use of regular tobacco cigarettes. 4. The deadline was Jan 16, 2013. 5.   a. Private citizens, government officials, industry representatives, businesspeople, and corporations can all send in comments based on provided proposed regulation during the public comment period. Anyone who wishes to challenge the validity of a federal regulation after it becomes law must participate in the comment period and voice his or her concerns at that time. Some agencies hold public hearings on proposed regulations. The purpose of the hearings is to take input on the proposals and consider additional evidence and consider additional evidence and factors relevant in promulgating the final version of the rule.† Business: Its Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment, 9th Edition. b. 1) Arbitrary and Capricious. Standard for challenging administrative agency rules; used to show decisions or rules were not based on sufficient. 2) Substantial Evidence Test. Basis for challenging the action of an administrative agency on the grounds that the rule promulgated was not based on enough evidence. 3) Failure to comply with the Administrative Procedures Act requirements of notice, publication, and public comment or input. The procedures for rulemaking must be followed in order for the regulatory process, and the resulting rules, to be valid. 4) Constitutional challenge. The regulation is unconstitutional. Dealing with regulations giving an agency authority to search records, or impose discriminatory requirements for licensing professionals. 5) Ultra Vires. Action taken beyond the scope of authority; with federal agencies, action taken that is beyond the congressional authority given in the enabling statute. c. From five legal theories, I would use Substantial Evidence Test to challenge this proposed regulation of not ban the use of electronic cigarettes. I choose this theory is based on the fact that there is enough evidence to prove that electronic cigarettes will not do the same damage to human as real cigarettes do. Because electronic cigarettes contain different chemical other than liquid nicotine, there is enough research to prove that other chemical will not affect people’s health, meaning electronic cigarettes are still a healthy alternative of cigarettes. Also, companies that manufacture electronic cigarettes claim their products do not contain carcinogens or tar or produce secondhand smoke, should be the first concern of making this regulation.

SWOT, PESTEL and five forces analysis

SWOT, PESTEL and five forces analysis 2. Introduction The supermarket industry is fierce in terms of its competitors. There are four main firms that have dominant market share but still have the aim to become the market leader and want to be bigger and better for their customers and potential customers. 3. Methodology In order to conduct my research I used a variety of sources which included economical and contemporary books, additional journals were also used to gain more specific and up-to-date information. The internet was also a valuable source due to its nature and variety of widely available information. 4. PEST Model The Pest model allows us to see what changes have happened in the industry and how this can affect competition. It allows us to distinguish the not so important compared to what is vital in the industry. For any firm in this industry it is important to create value for its customers, so therefore an understanding of the customer is vital. To create value, a firm would have to create a form of understanding and a relationship with its suppliers. Also for a firm in this organisation an in depth understanding and monitoring of its competitors is essential in order to be a profitable company and have first mover advantage. This supermarket industry includes the customers, the suppliers and the competition. An understanding of the pest model allows us to discover comprehensive potential opportunities and threats in the future. I.e. global warming may not be an issue now but can be in the next hundred years; this could reflect raw materials for food. 4.2 Political There is a low level of unemployment this due to the recession; this affects the demand of good being bought as consumers have less disposable income. However, food is a commodity and will always be demanded sue to its nature. E.g. the price of stock in supermarkets has dropped in last few years with the intention of boosting demand. Its level of custom has also fallen. There are now restrictions on buying land or buying out another supermarket chain making it more difficult for supermarkets to expand. 4.3 Economical Barriers to entry E.g. Over 5 years it has been reported that 700 hundred supermarket stores have opening ranging from sizes to 3,000 to 25,000 square feet. In comparison to this it is going to be hard for smaller supermarket chains to break into this industry due to it competitors. Only 5 new supermarket stores have opened in last 5 years. As a result of the recession, supermarket chains have to concentrate on the demands of the customer. This could include customers looking at: Cost Prices Profits Overall price is very competitive in this industry. There is also a change in the way consumers shop; supermarket chains such as Tesco have addressed this by giving incentives such as a club card in order to gain brand loyalty and repeat custom. Larger supermarket chains are quick to eliminate competitors. E.g. Sainsburys had bought out star Market and then opened stores across Egypt. 4.4 Social Supermarkets are continually monitoring changing consumer trends and shopping patterns such as; Who is buying the product? When they buy the product? How they buy their products? Which products are they buying? Monitoring these trends and understanding then can create competition in order to be the first to develop products and services that meet changing patterns. E.g. in the UK,75% of customers shop twice a week and seven still shop at different chains. This pattern by UK shoppers is known as Bulk Shopping or One Stop Shopping. Even though the recession has cut back the number of jobs available, supermarkets still employ a large number of people. This could be due to their flexibility in working times such as part time. E.g. Sainsburys employs around 150,000 people in the UK alone. Also there will always be demand for commodities meaning that supermarkets have some level of safety. Some supermarkets use this as a marketing technique, for example Asda aims to create over 7,500 jobs in 2011 (Tue, 16 Nov 2010 (www.supermarketnew.co.uk)) There is also change in demand regarding taste: organic foods are now much more common in supermarkets due to greater awareness of global warming, fairtrade and many other issues. E.g. there could be health concerns surrounding British beef with BSE. 4.5 Technological Technology has become beneficial to customers in supermarkets. With self checkout tills, shopping has become much easier and more convenient for consumers for shoppers. They are also easy to use meaning that all consumers can take advantage of this new technology. Personalized shopping is also being introduced which again makes shopping easier and more convenient. E.g. Waitrose allows you shop with your own trolley gun. With the technology available and the number of companies supplying it, explosion is the word for it, said Tim M. Hammonds, senior vice president of the Food Marketing Institute in Washington. Almost every store is doing at least one experiment. Tesco are reported to have spent  £25 billion in 2005 setting up their on-line shopping website this also helps chains looking at consumer buying habits. Tesco.com is the worlds biggest online supermarket and this year the group had sales of over  £577 million, an increase of 29% on last year 4.6 Environment Cutting waste; fruit and vegetables have less packaging. Fresh and seasonal produce of a high quality Introduction to organic foods, governments have supported farmers to convert and grow only organic foods. 4.7 Legal Law legislations Health and Safety 5. Swot Analysis The SWOT analysis shows the strengths, Weakness, opportunities and threats in the supermarket industry. 5.1 Strengths Corporate culture The supermarket industry is one of the biggest and profitable Supermarkets are a necessity; people will always need food therefore the demand is always high in relation to other industries. Customers have different tastes; supermarkets have a wide variety of goods and services making it likely that a consumer can purchase all of their necessities in one place. Having different stores allowing access to the mass market. Customer Experiences e.g. in store cafes and facilities. Giving Incentives: Loyalty cards and point reductions on foods. Image; this encourages brand loyalty and can keep an environmentalist reputation. 5.2 Weakness Recession has impacted on supermarkets; giving better price reductions and deals undercutting competitors to retain market share. Low-cost supermarkets such as Aldi, Netto and Lidl have taken consumers due their much lower prices. Smaller supermarkets may have to fold due to recession and a very highly competitive market. Low employee efficiency and high labour turnover. 5.3 Opportunities Market leadership in a highly demanded segments i.e. the growth in organic and natural foods this will establish high economies of scale Merging or acquisitions gaining market share E.g. Morrisons takeover of Safeways. Working with foreign countries help supermarkets break into a new market. Such as Latin America, South East China and South Africa. 5.4 Threats Changes in Government Regulations Recession impacts the economic changes. I.e. Has and impact on customers spending patterns. 6. Portors five forces Porters five forces of competition identify structural variables influencing competition and profitability in the supermarket industry. 6.1 Threats of Entry The supermarket industry is dominated by some big competitor chains such as Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys and Morrisons and smaller chains such as Somerfiels, One Stop etc. Bigger Chain competitors have focused more on operation and efficiency and productivity (allowing a wider variety of foods or products, better services etc). This force has left very small and traditional shops like butchers, bakers trailing very far behind. This has made it very hard for new companies to enter the supermarket industry. I.e. it is hard for a new business to raise capital because of the large fixed costs and its in a very much developed market with chains like Tesco have self check out points and their own stock control system. Where as Asda focus on operational tactics, like product development, better promotional activities and concentrating on better distribution. 6.2 Bargaining Power of Supplier Because the industry is fierce and is growing to be influenced by the likes of Tesco and Asda they can negotiate better promotional prices in comparison to smaller chains have a fear of losing business. They benefit from purchasing economies of scale. Suppliers are under threat because big food chains can negotiate better deals abroad. There needs to be an effective relationship with the supplier and its seller, this makes for a better profit margin. 6.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers To meet customer needs there are many things, lowering prices, wider and better choices, countless promotional activities, consistently bettering customer service. E.g. Tesco club card is most successful to date and has added to Tescos profitability. Supermarket chains have become more aware of consumer needs and by expanding in new markets banking, pharmacies and clothing. There is also a push on ethical products as consumers have become increasingly aware, they are now available in most big supermarkets. 6.4 Threat of Substitutes There is a threat that consumers can switch from one supermarket to another, this can be due to consumers being influenced highly on price, better service or quality. In relation to this bigger chains are buying out smaller chains, and opening them strategically in small towns or cities. E.g. Morrisons tookover Safeway as a method of quick expansion. 6.5 Bargaining Power of Competitors The supermarket industry has grown dramatically in size mainly due to bigger chains and continuous growth. This has opened up bigger and better retail concentration, new formats and better customer service. E.g. Tesco retain and build relationship with customers with databases allowing them to see what the consumers have purchased. Companies need to be innovative to keep up with the consumer behaviour such as refocusing on pricing and its values. 6.6 Competitive Rivalry Because the industry is dominated by bigger supermarket chains, there is a constant battle for better prices or better reductions. This results to high price wars to all competitors. Supermarket chains focus on quality and value for the customer in return they could attract new customers of different segments of the market. By bigger chains spending much more on advertising including celebrity endorsement, E.g. Jamie Oliver being the face of Sainsburys and Heston Blumenthal and Delia Smith for Waitrose it becomes much harder for smaller chains to compete. By giving customer price incentives such as Buy-One-Get-One-Free (BOGOF) this again allows supermarkets to retain and maintain customer satisfaction. Loyalty cards are also good example of this. 7. Conclusion 7.1 Smaller supermarket vs. bigger supermarkets The emergence of a number of smaller grocery stores has increased in the past 12 months. A number of smaller supermarkets have been grasped by larger competitors. Morrisons purchase of 39 Somerfields after Co-Ops disposal programme, led Morrisons to further increase market share in the south east and in the London. Sainsburys followed Morrisons vision, breaking into new areas, opening 22 store acquisitions in the north. The stores average from 17,000 square feet. Waitrose reached beyond the South east, opening 14 new stores, averaging between 5,000 square feet under its actual store size. A recent newspaper headline stated Asda goes shopping at Netto in  £778m takeover deal (27.05.10, London evening standard) showing larger supermarkets being able to takeover much smaller chains. 7.2 Strategies Available During the recession, it is apparent that value for money is most important to the customer. There is little room to negotiate prices as the market is very competitive and each supermarket wants to retain market share. Food Retailers can look into trends and new technologies to differentiate from the competitors, i.e. smarter shopping carts and better formatting of stores. Supermarkets are looking into convenience for the shopper. Smaller stores such as Tescos Express fill the gap between the bigger and smaller stores; they stock ready made meals and supply the basic foods. The sales maybe smaller but they retain market share and overall the business in going to profit. Organic foods are becoming a strong strategy to pull in new customers. There is a distinctive line between luxurious and affordable prices. The organic Market is worth 340 million annually, this figure has doubled in the last 2 years. Supermarkets have recognised the potential and responded with their own range of organic produce. Tescos has market lead and Sainsburys are planning a huge launch of its own organic range as is evident from the newspaper headline below. Tesco turns itself into a green giant (The Sunday Times May 31, 2009) Asda will also be taking advantage, a spokeswoman for Asda says: Organic food is definitely something that can be marketed to the masses. Throughout our stores we have a suggestion box programme called Tuned In. More organics is the number one suggestion. A sales increase from 3.1% to 5.4% in sales. And have increased their organic range from 250 to 400 items with cutting prices. Supermarkets may not be able to persuade shoppers from its competitors directly but convenience of better food products may sway them naturally.

The Consequence From The Ineffective Listening English Language Essay

The Consequence From The Ineffective Listening English Language Essay There are few common barriers to good and effective listening. One of them is,Knowing the answer. It means that you assume that you already have an idea on the content of the message before the speaker actually finishes it. In some situation, you might interrupt her or selfishly try to make the sentence complete for them. The worst thing is you interfere the speaker and say you are disagreeing with their opinion. It is rude because you are not letting others to finish up their sentences. This is the main factor that makes a discussion to end up without a decision and it is common happen when two team in an organization have their own idea and both not listening each other and stand on their own way. It can be said that you are not appreciating and not value the message send by the speaker to you by distracting the speaker before letting them to finish their sentences. Crucial component in good listening is showing respect to the speaker. Pre-judgement on what the speaker going to say or it can be said as closed mindedness contributes to listening barrier. Be open or receptive minded person is a characteristic of a good listener. Good listener will stretch his mind and looks for available chance to obtain new idea or insight rather than stick to existing idea or their own point of view. Other than that, trying to be helpful is another barrier in listening skill. Although we assume that it seems to be beneficial if we are trying to be helpful, but it turns into horrible situation when it come into listening. Its actually interferes effective listening. This is because the listeners is considering solving the speakers problem. The result is the listener misses the words throws or what actually message saying by the speaker. When walking, walk. When eating, eat., this is some proverb say in old Zen. This can be clearly stated that we need to put our full attention to anything that we are currently doing. It is worth stressing that the aim of good listening depends on how much attention we put on listening to receive the message sends by the speakers. Giving advice during speakers try to explain something which they experience may break the flow of conversation. Thus, it affects both parties by which the speakers did not pass the message accurately and the listeners did not get the exact content from the communication process. Messiah complex is one of the common problem faces by many people. It can well describe as we try to rescue or fix other people problem as a means of feeling fulfilled. This type of people usually not called as problem-solvers. Nevertheless, mannerism can be a huge obstacle to good listening. Trying to say something while listening will also reflect that you have made particular judgments about the message sender which is the speaker. Emotional distractions carry few percentages in effective communication. Early judgement by the listener can mean that the listeners does not have whole comprehended on the message though by the speakers. The true act of love and respect which you can offer is you give a person your 100% attention while listening. Listen and understand your team mate can empower the relationship between team members because human beings are such social animals. When the speakers starts to explain their long-term problem and you offer a facile or off-the-cuff solution and this would be inappropriate. This is because you might forget that the speaker may take into consideration your immediate solution long time before. Another significant barrier to good listening is some people feel that it is a sign of weakness when we agree or in the same line with the speaker during a heated conference. They feel induced to argue each point the speaker said even though if the listener inwardly agrees. The person who keeps arguing will wins the most point in a discussion. When we treat a discussion as a competition will be the biggest barriers to good listening. It prevents the listener from viewing an idea in difference prospective. It can be very frustrating on behalf of the speaker. This situation often we can see in an organization. When two teams try to defend their own opinion and idea, they tend to interfere when opposition team explaining their arguments. This makes an organization to rupture. A good listener just relies on listening. Any unnecessary motive will indirectly diminish the concentration of the listener. Trying to influence or impress the speaker is an example of ulterior motive. When a listeners have any other agenda rather than simply to understand what the speakers try to think and feel will not helping them to focus while listening. People can understand a language three or two times faster than any words they speak this is what been claim by psychologists. This shows that a listener has a lot of extra mental bandwidth or wide range of field to think about other things when listen to speaker. Spare few space or capacity to contemplate about what the content of message send by speaker will be a valuable characteristic of a good listener. During conversation process in an organization, an ulterior motive employee will try to impress the manager and will possibly make use of the spare capacity to start thinking of his next move. This type of employee will thin k what they need to say next or rebuttal when their manager finished with their sentences. The employee is not focusing on understanding the message send to them. Believing in language can be arduous barriers to an effective listening. In other word is, we tend to interpret some rarely used or double meaning words with unmatched meaning. Some people think that, language can be a guessing game. Both speaker and listener use language to surmise each other to think on the subject matter. Some words do have several meaning. When the speaker throws any words by assuming that listener must understand it, thus the fallacy on the speaker side. It is not practical to think that definition of a word can be sent live from the dictionary to the listener through the word. Why didnt you understand, I already said it perfectly and clearly?, this is an example of fallacy which a speaker may do during conversation. Of course, the simple-minded assumption here is words that other people understand can be understand by others too. These can be applicable, when particular word containing absolute meaning. This is because each word gives unique effect to a person. The consequence is the person will try to relate the word based on their unique experience. Few differences can be tolerated but it will cause misunderstanding when we try to interpret most of the word in our own definition and experience. It will become a severe problem when senior worker use any word or term in conversation which based on experience with their junior worker. If the junior worker does not have the same experience as the senior worker, then the words is pointless. The worst case is the junior worker may silently make the word match with a difference experience. There are few strategies can be taken to create a good listening. A good listener will listen not only to what is being said, but also to what is left unsaid or only partially said. Listening involves observing body language and noticing inconsistencies between verbal and non-verbal messages. For example, if someone tells you that they are happy with their life but through gritted teeth or with tears filling their eyes, you should consider that the verbal and non-verbal messages are in conflict, they maybe dont mean what they say.   Listening requires you to concentrate and use your other senses in addition to simply hearing the words spoken.  Listening is not the same as hearing and in order to listen effectively you need to use more than just your ears. 1. Stop Talking If we were supposed to talk more than we listen, we would have two tongues and one ear. Mark Twain. Dont talk, listen.   When somebody else is talking listen to what they are saying, do not interrupt, talk over them or finish their sentences for them.   Stop, just listen.   When the other person has finished talking you may need to clarify to ensure you have received their message accurately. 2. Prepare Yourself to Listen Relax.  Focus on the speaker.  Put other things out of mind.   The human mind is easily distracted by other thoughts whats for lunch, what time do I need to leave to catch my train, is it going to rain try to put other thoughts out of mind and concentrate on the messages that are being communicated. 3. Put the Speaker at Ease Help the speaker to feel free to speak.   Remember their needs and concerns.   Nod or use other gestures or words to encourage them to continue.   Maintain eye contact but dont stare show you are listening and understanding what is being said. 4. Remove Distractions Focus on what is being said: dont doodle, shuffle papers, look out the window, pick your fingernails or similar. Avoid unnecessary interruptions.   These behaviours disrupt the listening process and send messages to the speaker that you are bored or distracted. 5. Empathise Empathy is a selfless act, it enables us to learn more about people and relationships with people it is a desirable skill beneficial to ourselves, others and society.   Ã‚  Phrases such as being in your shoes and soul mates imply empathy empathy has even been likened to a spiritual or religious state of connection with another person or group of people. I call him religious who understands the suffering of others. -Mahatma Gandhi Try to understand the other persons point of view.   Look at issues from their perspective.   Let go of preconceived ideas.   By having an open mind we can more fully empathise with the speaker.   If the speaker says something that you disagree with then wait and construct an argument to counter what is said but keep an open mind to the views and opinions of others. 6. Be Patient A pause, even a long pause, does not necessarily mean that the speaker has finished.   Be patient and let the speaker continue in their own time, sometimes it takes time to formulate what to say and how to say it.   Never interrupt or finish a sentence for someone. 7. Avoid Personal Prejudice Try to be impartial.   Dont become irritated and dont let the persons habits or mannerisms distract you from what they are really saying.   Everybody has a different way of speaking some people are for example more nervous or shy than others, some have regional accents or make excessive arm movements, some people like to pace whilst talking others like to sit still.   Focus on what is being said and try to ignore styles of delivery. 8. Listen to the Tone Effective speaking has nothing to do with the outdate concept of elocution where everyone was encouraged to speak in the same correct manner.   Rather, effective speaking concerns being able to speak in a public context with confidence and clarity, while at the same time reflecting ones own personality. Volume and tone both add to what someone is saying.   A good speaker will use both volume and tone to their advantage to keep an audience attentive; everybody will use pitch, tone and volume of voice in certain situations let these help you to understand the emphasis of what is being said. 9. Listen for Ideas Not Just Words You need to get the whole picture, not just isolated bits and pieces.   Maybe one of the most difficult aspects of listening is the ability to link together pieces of information to reveal the ideas of others.  Ã‚   With proper concentration, letting go of distractions, and focus this becomes easier. 10. Wait and Watch for Non-Verbal Communication Gestures, facial expressions, and eye-movements can all be important.   We dont just listen with our ears but also with our eyes watch and pick up the additional information being transmitted via non-verbal communication. Do not jump to conclusions about what you see and hear. You should always seek clarification to ensure that your understanding is correct. Non-verbal communications include  facial expressions, the  tone and pitch  of the voice,  gestures  displayed through  body language (kinesics)  and the physical  distance between communicators (proxemics). These non-verbal signals can give clues and additional information and meaning over and above spoken (verbal) communication.